Mexico stands out as having one of the greatest biodiversity in the world, including animal radiation, being, among other things, a center of diversity for Diplopoda, scorpions, reptiles. Here we list the highlights of Mexican metazoan diversity in relation to Brazilian diversity, based on the Synopsis of Brazilian Animal Diversity text.
▪ Keys to Nearctic Fauna (BOOK), edited by James H. Thorp and D. Christopher Rogers, published in 2016, as KNF/2016.
▪ Keys to Neotropical and Antarctic Fauna (BOOK), edited by Cristina Damborenea, D. Christopher Rogers and James H. Thorp, published in 2020, as KNAF/2020.
In Syndermata, in both groups three main groups Brazil has more species than Mexico: Eurotatoria (Brazil 625 ✕ 402 Mexico/SEE), Acanthocephala (Brazil 72 ✕ 60 Mexico/SEE), just like Onychophora (Brazil 29 ✕ 3 Mexico/SEE), Tardigrada (Brazil 100 ✕ 55 Mexico/SEE), Cubozoa (Brazil 5 ✕ 3 Mexico), Scyphozoa (Brazil 22 ✕ 20 Mexico), Hydrozoa (Brazil 348 ✕ 266 Mexico) and Hirudina (Brazil 47 ✕ 31 Mexico/SEE).
Orthonectida, Micrognathozoa and Cycliophora are absents in Mexico and Brazil. Gnathostomulida has no species described in either Mexico or Brazil, but it certainly has to be described, due to the abundance of these animals throughout the world's oceans.
Equal number in Placozoa and Priapulida.
At marine, Mexico has many advantages: Gastropoda (Mexico 3,127 ✕ 1,837 Brazil), Actinopterigii (Mexico 1,952 ✕ 1,089 Brazil), Bivalvia (Mexico 1,202 ✕ 513 Brazil), Decapoda (Mexico 1,775 ✕ 1,003 Brazil), Ostracoda (Mexico 883 ✕ 365 Brazil), Polychaeta (Mexico 1,500 ✕ 1,196 Brazil), Echinodermata (Mexico 643 ✕ 347 Brazil), Polyplacophora (Mexico 159 ✕ 35 Brazil), Ctenophora (Mexico 33 ✕ 13 Brazil), Demospongieae (Mexico 498 ✕ 373 Brazil), Cephalopoda (Mexico 111 ✕ 92 Brazil) and Kinorrhyncha (Mexico 24 ✕ 8 Brazil).
No data for Mexican marine Porifera non Desmopongieae, Cnidaria/Anthozoa, Acoela, Gastrotricha, Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Bryozoa, Entoprocta, Brachiopoda, Priapulida, Branchiopoda, Maxillopoda, Malacostraca non Decapoda, Hemichordata and Tunicata.
Xenoturbellida, Dicyemida, Asymmetron, Remipedia, Monoplacophora and Petromyzontii are canonic lineages in Mexico absents in Brazil.
FRESHWATER LIFE
At freshwater, Mexico has many advantages: Gastropoda (Mexico 193 ✕ 117 Brazil) and Decapoda (Mexico 178 ✕ 99 Brazil).
NUMBER KEYS
(3:4/)5 spp., for example, indicates a group 5 spp. inside 4 genera within 3 families.
Data in this post follows Palacios Vargas & Reddell (Mundos Subterrâneos, 2013), which brings a Checklist of Mexican troglobionts, and Palacios Vargas & Reddell (Encyclopaedia Biospeologica México, 2015) which brings a text discussed and much commented on all the records of animals, troglomorphs or not, in caves in the country; our text excludes accidental or non-exclusive forms of caves, according to the terminology cited in Brazilian Cave Fauna (SEE). Excepting Arthropoda and Craniata, Mexico has only 20 troglobitics. Brazil has 43 (describeds and undescribeds).
Mexico has 529 spp. of true troglobitics/stygobitics in the following groups:
INVERTEBRATA NON ARTHROPODA
Porifera ‣ a undescribed species.Platyhelminthes ‣ six spp. in two genera, 4 Continenticola, two Cavernicola.Annelida ‣ 5 spp. in three genera, one Errantia, two Oligochaeta, two Branchibdellida.Gastropoda ‣ 9 spp. in 5 genera of three families.
OSTRACODA
Ostracoda ‣ 4, three genera of three families in two orders.
REMIPEDIA
Remipedia ‣ two, both in Xibalbanus.
MAXILLOPODA
Copepoda ‣ 12 spp. in 8 genera at 5 families.
MALACOSTRACA
Amphipoda ‣ 22 spp., two families, Bogidiellidae and Hadziidae.Thermosbaenacea ‣ a single species, Tulumella unidens from Quintana Roo.Mysida ‣ 7 spp. in three genera at 3 families.Decapoda ‣ 27 spp.: 17 shrimps in six families, 5 crayfishes at Cambaridae, and 5 crabs in two families.Isopoda ‣ 52 spp. in 11 families.
COLLEBOLA
Collembola ‣ 42 spp. in nine families.
INSECTA: 74 spp.
Diplura ‣ 8, two Litocampa, two Juxtlacampa, one Oncinocampa and three Tachycampa.Zygentoma ‣ 13 spp. in three genera.Orthoptera ‣ six spp., all in Phalangospsidae.Coleoptera ‣ 44 spp. in Carabidae (30), Dytiscidae (1), Histeridae (4), Leiodidae (8), and Ptinidae (1).Hemiptera ‣ 3, all Fulguromorpha.
MYRIAPODA: 78 spp.
Diplopoda ‣ 73, in 15 families at six orders.Chilopoda ‣ 5, two Lithobiidae, 3 in Newportia.
ARACHNIDA: 165 spp.
Trombidiformes ‣ 2 spp.Pseudoscorpiona ‣ 40 spp. in 5 families.Araneae ‣ 59 spp. in 11 families.Opiliona ‣ 16 spp. in 4 families.Amblypigy ‣ 11, all in Phrynidae.Schizomida ‣ 23, 14 in Hubbardiidae, 9 in Protoschizomidae.Ricinulei ‣ 11, all in Pseudocellus.Scorpionida ‣ 13 spp. in 8 genera at 4 families.
CRANIATA
Actinopteri ‣ 12 spp. in six genera and 5 families at 5 orders.
Mexico no has described troglobitic in Nematoda, Nemertea, Onychophora, Mollusca Bivalvia, Bathynellacea, Spelaeogriphacea, Blattodea, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Pauropoda, Symphylla, Palpigrada, and Amphibia.
Several new records of crustaceans in center of Yucatan peninsula, see Dorottya Angyal et al. (ZooKeys, 2020).
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| LOCATION OF ALL GEOREFERENCIED CAVES OF MEXICO |
2. CTENOPHORA ▸ Mexico includes 33 Ctenophora (SEE), and only 13 in Brazil.
3. CNIDARIA ▸ the most notable taxon is the family Botrucnidiferidae (Botruanthus benedeni) from Galapagos, also in California and Baja California. Mexico has 289 spp. in following clades: Cubozoa (3 ✕ 5 Brazil), Scyphozoa (20 ✕ 22 Brazil) and Hydrozoa (266 ✕ 348 Brazil) overall (Conabio vol. 85, 2014).
So far, only 10 species of myxozoans have been reported in Mexico (SEE), three from marine habitats (Kudoa dianae, Myxobolus mexicanus, Myxidium coryphaenoidium) and seven from freshwater habitats (Myxobolus nuevoleonensis, Myxobolus cartilaginis, Myxidium zapotecus, Zschokkella guelaguetza, Ellipsomyxa papantla, Myxobolus zoqueus, Henneguya exilis) and possibly 37 undescribed species (✕ 111 Brazil).
XENOCOELOMORPHA
4. XENACOELOMORPHA ▸ six worms belongs the single genus Xenoturbella (Wikipedia): four from coasts of California (1) and Gulf of California (3, NW Mexico) in Pacific Ocean (Rouse et al., Nature, 2016), one from coast of Japan (Nakano et al., BMC Evol Biol., 2017), and, by same reference, the type species, from waters of Sweden. Absent in Brazil; no relevant unbrazilian Mexican taxon in remaining groups.
GNATHIFERA
PLATYTROCHOZOA
6. RHOMBOZOA/DICYEMIDA ▸ 112 spp. within three families and nine genera (Conocyemidae, Dicyemidae and Kantharellidae, Wiki), two in Mexico, Dicyemina shorti (Veracruz) and Dyciema guaycurense (Baja California Sur).
7. ANNELIDA ▸ the highest record of a freshwater non-Clitellata Annelida in world belongs Lycastoides alticola from Mexico, found at 2,150 m a.s.l. in Mexico (Conde-Vela, Subterranean Biology, 2017). Clitellate families Randiellida, Phreodrilidae, Lumbricidae and Sparganophilidae possibly occur in Mexico.
In Mexico also occur (6/)17 spp. of Branchiobdellida (one of 15 Clitellata orders, obligate ectosymbionts primarily associated with astacoidean crayfishes): Bdellodrilus (1), Cambarincola (9), Pterodrilus (1), Forbesodrilus (2, Mexico and Nicaragua), Oedipodrilus (1) and Sathodrilus (3), at Thorp & Rogers (BOOK, 2017).
Mexico includes (63:460/)1,500 spp. of former Polychaetes (Tovar-Hernández, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2014), and Brazil has 1,149.
8. MOLLUSCA ▸ 85,519 spp. (Molluscabase), the second most speciose invertebrate phyllum after Arthropoda (Wikipedia); seven living classes., three with notable members in Mexico absent in Brazil.
Mexico includes 4,643 marine molluscs (Castillo-Rodríguez, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2014), agaisnt fewer 3,000 in Brazil: 3,127 Gastropoda, 1,202 Bivalvia, 159 Polyplacophora, 111 Cephalopoda, 40 Scaphopoda, 3 Monoplacophora and a single Aplacophora.
Mexico contains (13:61/)193 spp. of freshwater Gastropods (Czaja, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2020), and Brazil only 117.
8.1 Class Gastropoda ‣ Mexico has more species than Brazil in the three main categories: marine (Mexico 3,127 ✕ 1,837 Brazil), freshwater (Mexico 13:193 ✕ 10:117 Brazil) and land (Mexico 47:1,184 ✕ 43:734 Brazil).
■ endemic families in Mexico: Enchynichidae.
8.2 Class Bivalvia ‣ freshwater families in Mexico includes Unionidae and possibly Margaritiferidae (13 spp., Holarctic). Mexico includes 1,202 marine bivalvia, against only 513 in Brazil.
8.3 Class Monoplacophora ‣ a group absent in Brazil. Based on Waren & Gofas (Zoologica Scripta, 2005), Marshall (Molluscan Research, 2006), D. L. Ivanov & Moskalev (Ruthenica, 2007), Y. Kano et al. (Zoologica Scripta, 2012) and Schwabe (Zootaxa, 2008), we listed 32 spp. in 7 genera at 4 families (only two in New World). Largest diversities are New Zealand (2:2/6), Mexico (2:4/4), Azores region (1:1/4) and Peru (1:2/4).
Laevipilinidae
Laevipilina: L. antarctica (Antarctica), L. cachuchensis (off N Spain), L. hyalina (Washington to NW Baja California, Mexico), L. rolani (off N Spain), L. theresae (Antarctica).
Neopilinidae
Adenopilina: A. adenensis (Gulf of Aden).
Neopilina: N. bruuni (Peru/Chile), N. galatheae (Baja California in Mexico, Costa Rica, Chile), N. rebainsi (Falklands), N. starobogatovi (E Kamchatka, Russia), N. sp. unnamed (Peru-Chile).
Veleropilina: V. brummeri (Mid-Atlantic Ridge), V. capulus (Chatham Rise, New Zealand), V. euglypta (Mid-Atlantic Ridge near Azores), V. goesi (Virgin Islands, Caribbean), V. oligotropha (north of Hawaii), V. reticulata (Cosica, Sardenha, S Italy), V. segonzaci (Mid-Atlantic Ridge), V. seisuimaruae (SE Honshu island, Japan), V. veleronis (Mexico, off W Baja California), V. zografi (off NE Azores).Vema: V. bacescui (Peru-Chile), V. ewingi (Peru-Chile), V. levinae (submarine volcano off SW Mexico), V. occidua (NW New Zealand).
9.2 Rhynchonelliformea ‣ three orders:
ECDYSOA
11. NEMATOMORPHA ‣ Gordionus (absent in Brazil) not occur in Mexico (KNAF/2020; KNF/2016).
12. LORICIFERA ‣ six specimens were found in southern Gulf of Mexico, including representatives of new species of Pliciloricus and Rugiloricus, an undescribed genus of Pliciloricidae and, possibly, an undescribed genus of Nanaloricidae (SEE). Only one sp. in Brazil.
14. ARTHROPODA ▸ 17 classes, all classes in Mexico except Holothryda, one absent in Brazil, Remipedia.
Brazil has more species than Mexico in Protura (Brazil 2:10/25 ✕ 2:6/17 Mexico/SEE), Pycnogonida (Brazil 11:20/65 ✕ 10:19/58 Mexico/SEE), Cephalocarida, Mystacocarida, Ichthyostraca, Hexanauplia, Arachnida and Diplopoda.
Mexico leads in Symphyla (Mexico 2:5/15 ✕ 2:4/10 Brazil, inc. a remarkable endemic genus, Scopiella), Chilopoda (12:30/134 ✕ 12:67/162), Collembola (24:105-107/583 ✕ 21:107/457), Diplura (6:17/48 ✕ 4:11/31) and Ostracoda.
No data for Pauropoda (possibly only 4 genera in Mexico, SEE) and over Insecta in Mexico.
14.1 ARACNID CLASS ▸ 17 orders (Zhang. et al., Zootaxa, 2013), 16 in Brazil, 771 families, 12,260 genera and 111,762 spp., following data below.
Brazil leads in Sarcoptiformes (Mexico 154:402/801 ✕ 139:456/1,120 Brazil), Trombidiformes (Brazil 73:433/1,435 ✕ 78:328/1,208 Mexico) and Pseudoscorpiona (Mexico 17:151 ✕ 16:173 Brazil), however with less genera and/or families.
Brazil leads fully in Opilioacarididae (Brazil 4/11 ✕ 2/8 Mexico), Mesostigmata (Brazil 56:215/987 ✕ 50:158/507 Mexico), Araneae (Brazil 74:3,960 ✕ 66:534/2,295 Mexico), Amblypygy (Brazil 3:4/53 ✕ 1:3/17 Mexico), Opiliona (Brazil 19:304/1,008 ✕ 12:67/283 Mexico) and Palpigradi (Brazil 24 ✕ 20 Mexico).
Mexico leads in Ixodida (Mexico 2:10/100 ✕ 2:9/70 Brazil), Scorpiona (Mexico 8:38/281 ✕ 422/162 Brazil), Ricinulei (Mexico 21 ✕ 13 Brazil), Schizomida (Mexico 10/35 ✕ 6/17 Brazil), Solifugae (Mexico 12/79 ✕ 6/15 Brazil) and Thelyphonida (Mexico 10 ✕ 8 Brazil).
IXODIDA ‣ Mexico has 30 spp. more than Brazil.
TROMBIDIFORMES ‣ Mexico has 5 families more than Brazil.
MESOSTIGMATA
■ endemic families in Mexico: Costacarididae (1/1).
SARCOPTIFORMES ‣ Mexico has 15 families more than Brazil.
MEROSTOMATA ‣ this group is probably sister of Ricinulei within Arachnida, based on Ballesteros et al. (Mol. Biol. and Evol., 2022). Only 4 spp. living in a single order, Xiphosura, in a single family, Limulidae: Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (S and SE Asia), Limulus polyphemus (along the Atlantic coast of the United States and the SE Gulf of Mexico), Tachypleus gigas (the Indo-Pacific, Indonesian, Indian, S and SE Asia) and T. tridentatus (SE and E Asia); for very exact range of Asian species, see Vestbo et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018).
SCORPIONES ‣ Mexico has (8:38/)281 spp. (Santibáñez-Lápez et al., Toxins (Besel), 2016): 121 spp., 13 genera and 4 families ahead Brazil. Excluding Vaejovidae, these numbers are: -28 spp., -8 genera and 3 families.
Buthidae (92/1054, in Mexico 2/44), Hadruridae (2/9, in Mexico all genera and species), Chactidae (12/178, in Mexico only Nullibrotheas allenii, the only representative of family Chactidae in the Nearctic region), Diplocentridae (10/121, in Mexico 3/58), Euscorpiidae (4/51, Old World, Mexico and Guatemala, in Mexico 3/8), Superstitioniidae (1/1, Superstitionia donensis, endemic to southern Arizona and to the Baja California Peninsula), Typhlochactidae (4/11, all endemics to Mexico), and Vaejovidae (23/201, in Mexico 21/149). Bothriuridae (17/163, The Scorpion Files) occur from Peru to Argentina and Brazil except two up to Ecuador, Lisposoma and Brandbergia (Namibia) and Cercophonia (Australia).
■ endemic families in Mexico: Typhlochactidae (4/10).
PSEUDOSCORPIONES ‣ Mexican Neobisiidae, Menthidae and Stemophoridae absents in Brazil, which lead species against Mexico.
ARANEAE ‣ there are three maing groups of spiders, Mesothelae from Japan to Sumatra; remaining two clades occur in New World.
Mygalomorpheae ‣ Mexican families absents in Brazil: Atypidae occur worldwide except South America and Australia; Euagridae occur in Africa, Australasia region to Malaysia, U.S.A. to Costa Rica, Taiwan, Central Asia, Argentina and Chile (two monotipic genera); Euctenizidae and Hexurellidae from U.S.A. to Mexico; Halonoproctidae is found in North and Central America, Australasia, Asia, southern Europe and North Africa, with one species is recorded from Venezuela in South America.
Among Theraphosidae (163/1071), remarkable diversities are Brazil (47/202), Mexico (17/99) and Colombia (22/43). All Mexican species are Theraphosinae except Psalmopoeus victori Mendoza, 2014. Mexico includes the largest national endemic genera: Hemirrhagus (27) and Bonnetina (16). U.S.A. has 29 spp., all in Aplopelma.
Araneomorpheae ‣ Mexican families absents in Brazil: Archoleptonetidae (USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Panama), Cybaeidae (northern Hemisphere, Sumatra, Colombia, Venezuela and Peru), Homalonychidae and Myrmecicultoridae (U.S.A., Mexico), Hypochiidae (North America, Mexico and E Asia), Leptonetidae (US.A. to Panamá, Mediterranean region, E Asia), Liocranidae (Canada to Peru, Argentina, and widely Old World), Phrurolithidae (Canada to Mexico, Europe to Australia), Pimoidae (North America, Europe and Asia), Plectreuridae (U.S.A. to Central America and Cuba).
Mexico has 61 families.
OPILIONES ‣ no relevant unbrazilian Mexican taxon.
AMBLYPYGI ‣ Mexican remarkable taxa all in Phrynidae: Acanthophrynus (1, Mexico and U.S.A.); Paraphrynus (18, U.S.A. to Ecuador, mainly in Mexico); and Phrynus (28, U.S.A. to N Brazil (1) and one species in Africa).
SCHIZOMIDA ‣ (2:78/)300 spp. (SEE). Brazil has 6 genera (3 endemics) and 17 spp., all these endemics.
Protoschizomidae ‣ two genera and 11 spp. restricted from Mexico and southern U.S.A.
Schizomidae ‣ 76 genera (Wikipedia), 37 in New World; 32 are endemics to a single country inc. Mexico (9), one widey genus also in Mexico: Stenochrus (10, Florida and Mexico to Ecuador, Brazil, Caribbean and Europe, 6 endemics to Mexico).
THELYPHONIDA ‣ just one Mexican genera as a highlight: Mastigoproctus (23, widely in tropical New World, 4 in Brazil, 10 in Mexico).
PALPIGRADI ‣ remarkable Mexicans only in Eremobatidae (8/214), from S Canada to Honduras in Central America; all genera in U.S.A., one endemic, 7 up to Mexico, two up to Canada; Eremobates has 97 spp.
RICINULEI ‣ only one genus in Mexico, these absent in Brazil: Pseudocellus, with 41 spp., 17 from Texas (1) to Panamá (2) and two in Cuba, mainly in Mexico (21) and Cuba (12).
GEOPHILOMORPHA ‣ Cladistics, 2013; data at America Latina from Foddai et al., Amazoniana, 2000). (16/)57 spp. in Brazil, (28/)61 spp. in Mexico. Mecistocephalidae does not occur in Mexico, and Brazil full leads in Oryidae.
Geophilidae (ca. 114/649) - Brazil has (8/)15 spp., Mexico (10/)32. Additionally, Brazil includes Plutogeophilus (SEE). Mexican advantages in four families.
Schendylidae (ca. 47/80) - (4/)35 spp. in Brazil, (8/)14 in Mexico.
Gonibregmatidae (11/20) - three genera in America Latina, all endemics to Mexico (5).
Himantariidae (ca. 19/ca. 70) - 10 spp. in America Latina, (6/)9 in Mexico (3 endemic genera) and Arcophilus gracilimus Verhoeff from Bolivia.
ORDER LITHOBIOMORPHA ‣ only two families:
Henicopidae - single genus in both Mexico and Brazil Lamyctes; besides L. coeculus and L. emarginatus, few species occur in New World, namely in Peru (7), U.S.A. (6, inc. Hawaii), Chile (6), Mexico (2), Bolivia (2), Caribbean (2), Argentina (1) and Brazil (1, L. adisi Zalesskaja, 1994).
Lithobiidae (ca. 43/ca. 1,000).
SCOLOPENDROMORPHA ‣ one Mexican family absent in Brazil: Plutoniumidae (2/7, North America, S Europe and China, Di et al., Zootaxa, 2010). Brazul full leads in other families except by two Cryptopidae genera in Mexico against only one in Brazil.
NEW WORLD NON-BRAZIL ORDERS (6)
CALLIPODIDA ‣ 7 families and 201 spp., two families in New World (Abracionidae and Schizopetalidae), both from U.S.A. to northern Mexico ((5/)7 spp.).
CHORDEUMATIDA ‣ 1,237 spp. in 49 families, 12 in New World: 11 in U.S.A. (six endemics), two of them up to Canada, one up to Alaska and Siberia, Cleidogonidae up to Panama, Trichopetalidae up to Mexico, and Eudigonidae endemic to Chile in South America. (4/)52 spp. in Mexico.
GLOMERIDA ‣ three families and 271 spp., all from southern Europe, Doderiidae up to Morocco, and Glomeridae also in SE Asia, and from California to Guatemala with (1/)12 spp. in Mexico.
JULIDA ‣ 16 families and c. 1,321 spp., 7 only in Old World, 5 endemics to U.S.A., 3 from U.S.A./Canada and other areas in Old World, and Parajulidae from Siberia to Guatemala, unique in Neotropics; (7/)17 spp. in Mexico.
PLATYDESMIDA ‣ two families and 69 spp., Andrognathidae in U.S.A., Mexico (1/1), China, Japan, Italy, Greece and Portugal; and Platydesmidae from Mexico (1/10) to Panamá.SIPHONIULIDA ‣ order with only two species: Siphoniulus alba from E Sumatra island in Indonesia (known only two fragments), and S. neotropicus from S Mexico and Guatemala (Sierwald, Zool. Syst. Evol. Research, 2001).
BRAZILIAN ORDERS
POLYDESMIDA ‣ Mexico has one family more tham Brazil.
POLYZONIIDA ‣ three families and 127 spp., Polizoniidae and Hirudisomatidae in northern Hemisphere (the latter up to Mexico), and Siphonotidae in South America, Africa, SE Asia and New Zealand, inc. Brazil (2/c. 2). In Mexico 2 spp. in 2 families.SPIROBOLIDA ‣ 12 families and c. 1,248 spp., 9 in New World (7 in Mexico): 6 only from U.S.A. to Central America (Hoffmanobolidae and Typhlobolellidae endemics to Mexico and Floridobolidae endemic to U.S.A.), Spirobolidae from North America and Asia, and remaining two recorded for Brazil: Rhinocricidae and Spirobolellidae, both also in Mexico.
■ endemic families in Mexico: Hoffmanobolidae (1/1), Typhlobolellidae (5/6).
14.5 MALACOSTRACA CLASS ▸ 18 orders, mainly shrimp-like organisms. Anaspidacea, Thermosbaenacea and Mictacea absents in Brazil, with Thermosbaenaceae in Mexico. Anaspidacea, Mictacea, Bochusaceae and Spelaeogriphacea absents in Mexico.
Amphiodonaceae tied in both countries.
Brazil leads in Cumacea, Mysida and Tanaidacea.
Isopoda, Ingolfiellida, Amphipoda, Lophogastrida, Euphausiaceae, Bathynellaceae, Decapoda, Stomatopoda, Leptostraca uncertain comparation.
DECAPODA ‣ two higher clades. Mexico includes (115:537/)1,775 spp. of Decapoda, 1,597 marine and 178 freshwater (Álvarez et al., Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2014); Brazil has (98:419/)1,003 spp., 99 in freshwater and 904 in coast.
DENDROBRACHIATA ‣ Mexico has 37 spp. more tham Brazil.
STENOPODIDAE ‣ Mexico has one sp. more tham Brazil.
PROCARIDOIDEA ‣ a single genus and family, Procaris, with 6 spp., from Mexico, Hawaii, Bermuda, Ascencion and Christmas Is. (Wikipedia).
CARIDEA ‣ true shrimps; Mexico has 155 spp. and 20 genera more tham Brazil. Mexico has two genera and 6 more species in freshwater Atyidae, two genera and 5 more species in freshwater Palaemonidae, and one freshwater Alpheidae.
■ endemic families in Mexico: Anchialocarididae (1/1).
ACHELATA and POLYCHELIDA
Mexico has 3 genera and 7 more species than Brazil in these two groups
ASTACIDAE ‣ among freshwater crayfishes, two genera naturally occur in Mexico: Cambarellus (11) and Procambarus (45), both in Cambaridae.
AXIIDEA
Mexican advantages in Axiidae (6/13 ✕ 5/7), Callianassidae (11/24 ✕ 7/12), Callianideidae (1/1 ✕ 0), Eiconaxiidae (1/4 ✕ 1/1), Gourretiidae (1/1 ✕ 0) and Strahlaxiidae (1/1 ✕ 0).
GEBIIDEA
Mexican advantages in Laomediidae (1/2 ✕ 1/1) and Upogebiidae (2/17 ✕ 2/10).
ANOMURANS ‣ Mexico has one family, 24 genera and 159 more species than Brazil. Coenobitidae (c. 15) has two spp. in New World: Coenobita compressus H. Milne-Edwards from Pacific coast up to Chile (Wikipedia), and C. clypeatus Fabricius from Caribbean region, Colombia and Venezuela (Wikipedia), totally absent in Brazil (Lemaitre & Tavares, Zootaxa, 2015).
BRACHYURA ‣ Mexico has two family, 66 genera and 334 more species than Brazil. Mexican advantage in Pseudotelphusidae: 16/67 ✕ 6/19, 9 endemic genera at this family.
THERMOSBAENACEA ‣ 4 families, 7 genera and 34 spp. (Wikipedia); primarily marine although only 5 of the species known are euhaline, living in lava tubes or in the interstices between submersed coarse sand grains, volcanic tephra or coral rubble (Balian, 2008). In New World occur only Halosbaena (5, Halosbaenidae, one in New World, from Venezuela and Curazao), Tulumella (a only genus in Tulumellidae, with two spp. from Bahamas and one in Mexico), Thetysbaena (Monodellidae, 23 spp., genus with 9 spp. from Spain to Somalia, 13 in Caribbean and one in Texas).
14.6 BRANCHIOPODA CLASS ▸ 4 orders.
ANOSTRACA ‣ (Mexico 20 ✕ 15 Brazil). Streptocephalidae (1/8 in Neotropics, all from Mexico and Caribbean) a Mexican family absent in Brazil.
NOTOSTRACA ‣ only a single family, Triopsidae, with 15 spp. within two genera, Triops and Lepidurus (Zhang, 2013); both genera and two spp. in Neotropics, collected in Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina and Caribbean (Rogers, 2020). Absent in Brazil.
DIPLOSTRACA ‣ three suborders. Brazil leads/tied in Cladocera and Cyclestherida. In Spinicaudata: Mexico 11 ✕ 5 Brazil.
LAEVICAUDATA ‣ (2/)7 spp. in Mexico (KNF/2016).
14.7 REMIPEDIA CLASS ▸ this class has eight families (all absents in Brazil), 12 genera and 28 spp. within a single order Nectiopoda; data below from Remipedia Database (SEE).NECTIOPODA ‣ data mentioned above; all genera except Xibalbanus, Morlockia and Kumonga are endemic to Caribbean. 4 genera endemic to Bahamas (inc. the fully family Pleomothridae), 3 endemic to Turks y Caicos (and full Micropacteridae), Godzillius (Godzilliidae) in both areas, Speleonectes (Speleonectidae) in Bahamas and Cuba, Kumonga (and full Kumongidae) endemic to Australia, Xibalbanus (and full Xibalbanidae) from Mexico and Belize (3 and 1 spp., respectively), and Morlockia (single genus in Morlockidae) in Bahamas, Hispaniola and Canary Islands.
14.8 COLLEMBOLA CLASS (Zhang. et al., Zootaxa, 2013) ▸ (33:763/)8,130 spp., (21:118/)457 spp. in Brazil, (24:105-107/)582 spp. in Mexico (Bousquets et al., Conabio, 2000). Mexican families Poduridae, Actaletidae, Coenaletidae and Tomoceridae does not occur in Brazil. Brazilian Sturmiidae does not occur in Mexico.
14.9 DIPLURA CLASS ▸ (4:11/)37 in Brazil, (6:17/)48 spp. in Mexico (Palácios-Vargas & García-Goméz, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2014), and U.S.A. has (7:23)170 spp.
Campodeoidea ‣ Campodeidae (58/491), widely, (4/)5 spp. in Brazil, (9/)33 in Mexico.Japygoidea ‣ Evalljapygidae (5/47, 34 in western regions of North America inc. 10 in Mexico, and 12 spp. in South America) does not occur in Brazil, while Parajapygidae (4/66 spp., Parajapyx (55, 5 in Mexico) worldwide, Ectasjapyx (5, Central Africa), Miojapyx (1, U.S.A.), Lacandonajapyx (1, Mexico), Montejo-Cruz, Zootaxa, 2021, (1/)5 in Brazil) occur.
Projapygoidea ‣ Anajapygidae (2/5, Holartic, Oriental, Neotropical, 2 in Mexico) absent in Brazil.
14.10 INSECTA CLASS ▸ 28 orders with 1,056,900 spp. along 1,197 families.
Rhaphidioptera, a Mexican order, does not occur in Brazil.
No data for Zygentoma, Ephemeroptera, Mantodea, Embioptera, Phthiraptera, Strepsiptera, Trichoptera, Diptera and Thysanoptera.
ARCHAEOGNATHA ‣ Brazil (1:2/)25 ✕ (2: 9/)15 Mexico, being (5/)7 spp. in Machilidae and (4/)8 spp. in Meineterllidae (Placios-Vargas, BOOK, 2004).
ORTHOPTERA (classification from Rafael, 2012) ‣ (19:735/)1,482 spp. in Brazil, c. (274/)920 spp. in Mexico (Insecta/MX).
CAELIFERA ‣ MX: Tanaoceridae, Episactidae, Xyronotidae ✕ Romaleidae :BR.
ENSIFERA ‣ MX: Myrmecophilidae, Rhaphidophoridae, Stenopelmatidae ✕ 0 :BR.
■ endemic families in Mexico: Xyronotidae (Caelifera, 2/4).
PHASMIDA ‣ Tinematidae (21) from Oregon to Baja California is the only Mexican family absent in Brazil.
PLECOPTERA (see Plecoptera Species File) ‣ (17:309/)3,788 spp. (Zhang et al., Zootaxa, 2013, Plecoptera Species File) in two suborders, both with only one family in Brazil (Rafael, 2012): Antarctoperlaria with Gripopterygidae (39) and Arctoperlaria with Perlidae (112) - 151 spp. overall in country. 8 families occur in Old World plus North America, six up to Mexico.
BLATTODEA ‣ 7,314 spp.:
Nine of cockroaches, Mexican Cryptocercidae (1/12, North America, E Europe, Chian to Japan and Koreas in Asia, MAP) absent in Brazil.
Nine of termites, Mexican Archotermopsidae (3/11, one genus in North America and two in E Asia) absent in Brazil.
PSOCOPTERA ‣ Mexico wins Brazil in Psocoptera (Mexico/SEE 37:105/766 ✕ 28:94/425 Brazil).
HYMENOPTERA ‣ of the dozens of extant wasp families, only the family Vespidae contains eusocial species, exclusively in Vespinae and Polistinae (Wikipedia). Vespinae includes 4 genera (Wikipedia), mainly in Old World. In New World, natively, occur only Vespula (14 in region, 12 in U.S.A./Canada, six in Mexico [one endemic] and one in Guatemala [endemic]) and Dolichovespula (6) from Canada and U.S.A. (Kimsey & Carpenter, Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 2012 | Dvorak, Entomological Problems, 2006).
COLEOPTERA ‣ Xenomorphon baranowskii (Lycidae) is the unique completely anelytrous and wingless adult male beetle, known only from S Mexico (Ferreira et al., Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2023).
MEGALOPTERA ‣ Mexico includes Platyneuromus (3, Mexico to Central America) and Neohermes (6, U.S.A. to Mexico).
RAPHIDIOPTERA ‣ (2:33/)248 spp. in Raphidiidae (26/206 spp.) and Inocelliidae (7/42 spp.), by Foottit & Adler (vol. 2, 2009, pg. 638). In New World, they are found west of the Rocky Mountains, and range from southwest Canada to the Mexican-Guatemalan border, which is the farthest south they have been found in the western hemisphere (Wikipedia), with c. 30 spp. in region (Aspock, Acta Zool. Fennica, 1998).
ORDER LEPIDOPTERA ‣ Danaus plexippus (monarch butterfly, Nymphalidae) executes the most incredible insect migration known, flying, in generations, more than 3,000 km from western North America to a mountainous region between the Mexican states of Jalisco and Mexico. However, it should be noted that its two congeneric species, D. epippus from South America and D. jamaicensis from the Caribbean, do not migrate. Not even all populations of D. plexippus migrate, and some more isolated groups migrate in a much more discreet way to other areas of North America (Wikipedia).
ORDER SIPHONAPTERA ‣ all Mexican families occur in Brazil except Hystrichopsyllidae.
AncistropsyllidaeCeratophyllidae (1 ✕ 76 in Mexico)Ischnopsyllidae (5 ✕ 10 in Mexico)Leptopsyllidae (1 ✕ 3 in Mexico)XiphiopsyllidaeChimaeropsyllidaeCoptopsyllidaeCtenophthalmidae (5 ✕ 45 in Mexico)Hystrichopsyllidae (8 in Mexico)[Pygiopsyllidae]Stephanocircidae (1)[Malacopsyllidae]Rhopalopsyllidae (35 ✕ 8 in Mexico)Pulicidae (5 ✕ 20 in Mexico)Tungidae (10 ✕ 4 in Mexico)VermipsylloideaVermipsyllidae
DEUTEROSTOMIA
15. ECHINODERMATA ▸ currently, 643 spp. are known from Mexico, in Ophiuroidea (197 ✕ 153 Brazil), Asteroidea (185 ✕ 77 Brazil), Echinoidea (119 ✕ 52 Brazil), Holothuroidea (113 ✕ 49 Brazil) and Crinoidea (29 ✕ 16 Brazil), by Solís-Marín et al. (Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America, 2012).
16. HEMICHORDATA ▸ Rhabdopleurida (MAP), a Brazilian outsider taxa, does not occur in Mexico.
17. CEPHALOCHORDATA ▸ in Mexico three of the four species for the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Caribbean is registered, of which Branchiostoma caribaeum has the largest distributional area, from Veracruz coasts to the Yucatan Peninsula; B. longirostrum has been registered only on the west part of the Gulf of Mexico and Asymmetron lucayanum in front of the northeastern coast of Yucatan. Branchiostoma californiense is the only one registered on the Pacific coast of Mexico but it counts with a wider distribution (SEE).
18. TUNICATA ▸ no relevant unbrazilian Mexican taxon.
19. CRANIATA ▸ 15 Craniata lineages.
In marine fish, Brazil loses badly: it has only 1,254, in 21th position, against Australia (4,677), Japan (3,869), Indonesia (3,646), Philippines (3,123), Taiwan (2,756), Papua New Guinea (2,601), New Caledonia (2,345), Mexico (2,128), U.S.A. (2,111, Mongabay number minus contiguous statean freshwater fishes; freshwater Alaskian non deleted), South Africa (1,948), China (1,808), Vietnam (1,742), India (1,679), Palau (1,530), Mozambique (1,450), Thailand (1,407), Malaysia (1,366), Panama (1,255), Fiji (1,251) and Micronesia (1,229). Colombia has 1,220 spp.
Mexico has 34 endemic genera of freshwater fish (in 11 families), 15 of which are Goodeidae and 5 in Cyprinidae. Of the 313 spp. of freshwater fish endemic to Mexico, 44 are Goodeidae, 25 Cyprinodontidae and 70 are Poeciliidae; remarkable are Chirstoma (23, Atherinopsidae) and Tetraplueurodon (2, Petromyzontidae).
For endemic marine fish, by Intreasures, we have only 102, against 161 for Mexico.
Cladistii, Dipneustii, Coelacanthii and Rhynchocephalia does not ocur in Mexico.
19.1 MYXINE ‣ Mexico (2/6) has three Eptratetus more than Brazil (3/5).
19.2 PETROMYZONTII ‣ Mexico includes 4 spp., Entosphenus tridentatus, Petromyzon marinus, and two Tetrapleurodon, the unique national endemic genus at this class.
19.3 ELASMOBRANCHII ‣ Mexico has nine marine spp. more than Brazil, inc. Heterodontiformes, sharks in a single family, a single genus and 8 spp. from the Indian and Pacific, two in Mexico, Heterodontus franciscii in California, Baja California and possibly Ecuador and Peru, and H. mexicanus from Mexico to Peru.
19.4 HOLOCEPHALI ‣ Mexico () has two spp. more than Brazil (3/3), in Hydrolagus.
19.5 ACTINOPTERIGII ‣ (528/4,982)34,762 spp. (Catalogue of Fishes, in 04.06.22). 5 Mexican orders are absents in Brazil.
Acipenseriformes ▸ two families:
Polyodontidae ‣ diotypic family with very remarkable distribution: Polyodon spathula from the U.S.A. and Psephurus gladius from China, this extinct.
Acipenseridae ‣ 4 genera and 25 spp.: Acipenser (17, northern hemisphere reaching to the south the Mediterranean, Mexico and the valleys of central China, with accidental records in French Guiana), Huso (2, one in SE Europe and one in the Amur basin), Pseudoscaphyrhynchus (3, endemic to the extinct Aral Sea basin) and Scaphyrhynchus (3, U.S.A.). 3 spp. in Mexico.
Lepisosteiformes ▸ 7 spp. in two genera from North America (3 in Mexico, Atractosteus spatula, A. tropicus, Lepisosteus osseus), Central America and Caribbean. Brazilian fossils in PaleoZoo (SEE).
Salmoniformes ▸ composed exclusively by the family Salmonidae, with (11/)66 spp., Balcans to Korea and Canada to Mexico (3, all in Oncorhynchus).
Cypriniformes ▸ (6:321/)3,268 spp., two in New World, Catastomidae (78 spp., almost endemic to North America except species in Russia and China one each) and Cyprinidae (Old World and 286 spp. in 53 genera in New World (52 of them endemics) from Canada to south Mexico, Mayden, BOOK, 1991). 105 spp. in Mexico.
Gonorhynchiformes ▸ 4 families: Gonorynchidae (1/5, only G. gonorynchus cited for the New World, in Chile, rare in southern Atlantic, e.g., St. Helena), Phractolaemidae (1/1, Niger Delta and Malebopool and Zaire systems), Kneriidae (1/30, Africa) and Chanidae (1/1, Chanos chanos, tropical and subtropical Indian and Pacific, rare in eastern Pacific from southern California and Mexico to Peru).
19.6 AMPHIBIA ‣ Aurelio Ramírez-Bautista et al (ZooKeys, 2023) lists (16:58/)430 amphibians (300 endemics) in Mexico, being (11:37/)270 anurans (168 endemics), (4:19/)157 Urodela (131 endemics) and (1:2/)3 Gymnophiona (one endemic).
All Urodela from southern Mexican Plateau are Bolitoglossines. Mexican diversity of Urodela (the second worldwide) is concentrated in Plethodontidae (15/139, 6 genera endemics), and the only exceptions are some Ambystomidae (17), a single Sirenidae and a single Salamandrideae.
In the Mexico ✕ Brazil duel among endemic species we have Urodela with 133 ✕ 4, Gymnophiona with 1 ✕ 26 and Anura with 162 ✕ 791. Mexico there are 9 endemic genera (3 in Hylidae and 6 in Plethodontidae), with the notable presence of Thorius (29).
19.7 SQUAMATA ‣ (67:1,157/)11,469 spp. in nine high lineages (Repfocus). 37 families occur in New World, 25 in Mexico; endemic national families occur all in Amphisbaenia clade: U.S.A., Mexico and Cuba one endemic each. In all Brazilian families Brazil has the first diversity of genera in New World (shared or isolated) except Anguidae, Iguanidae and Liolaemidae and Serpentes.
Brazil has the third largest diversity of Squamata worldwide (24:169/776), after Australia (1,020) and Mexico (897), and ahead Indonesia (764). Brazil has the fifth largest divesity in endemic Squamata (402), after Australia (997), Mexico (567), India (428), Madagascar (424), and ahead Indonesia (369), by Intreasures. In families, Brazil has 25 (inc. 9 in snakes, 1 in Amphisbaena), Mexico 26 (inc. 8 in snakes, 1 in Amphisbaena), Colombia 24 (inc. 9 in snakes, 1 in Amphisbaena), U.S.A only 11 (inc. 5 in snakes, one in Amphisbaena), by Repfocus. Among endemic genera in New World, Brazil has 39 (in seven families; 12 in snakes, all Colubridae), Mexico 17 (in six families; 14 in snakes, in 3 families), also by Repfocus.
GEKKOTA CLADE ‣ Gekkonidae in non relevant in Mexico.
Eublepharidae ‣ 6/30, mainly Africa and Asia, but Coleonyx (8) from SW U.S.A. to Costa Rica, mainly in Mexico.
Sphaerodactylidae ‣ Mexico includes Sphaerodactylus.
Phyllodactylidae ‣ Mexico includes Phyllodactylus; largest diversities are Mexico (21), Peru (17), Ecuador (14) and Brazil (12).
SCINCOMORPHA CLADE ‣ four families, two only Old World; only one family in South America.
Xanthusiidae ‣ three genera, Xantusia (14, SW North America and Baja California), Cricosaura (1, endemic to Cuba) and Lepidophyma (19, Mexico to Panama).
Scincidae ‣ Mexico has (4/)37 spp. in three subfamilies (Marisora in Mabuyinae, Mesoscincus and Plestiodon in Scincinae, and Scincella in Sphenomorphinae). In New World the two largest diversities are Mexico (34) and Brazil (15, all Mabuyinae).
LACERTIFORMATA CLADE ‣ only one family: the Old World Lacertidae (39/300), a large lineage absent in New World.
AMPHISBAENIA CLADE ‣ six families, two only in Old World: Blanidae (1/8, Europe, northern Africa) and Trogonophidae (North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and western Iran). All South American genera occur in Brazil. A single family in Mexico, endemic.Bipedidae ‣ only one genus, Bipes, with three spp., endemics to Mexico.
ANGUIMORPHA ‣ three families absent in New World; both South American genera occur in Brazil.Helodermatidae ‣ 5 spp. in Heloderma, from SW Nevada in U.S.A. to S Guatemala (2, one endemic), mainly along Pacific coast of Mexico (4, 2 endemics).Xenosauridae ‣ 12 spp. in Xenosaurus, from center Mexico to center Guatemala.Anguidae ‣ Mexico has the largest diversity worldwide (6/52), Brazil is the 9th (5, two endemics, SEE).
TEIFORMATA CLADE ‣ both families occur in South America. 74 genera, 48 in Brazil, 24 endemics.
Teiidae ‣ Brazil has the largest diversity of genera; however, the largest diversity of species are in Mexico (54) within two genera: Aspidoscelis and Holcosus.
IGUANIA ‣ Brazilian families Liolaemidae, Hoplocercidae, Tropiduridae, Polychrotidae and Leiosauridae are absents in Mexico.
Phrynosomatidae ‣ 9 genera and 163 spp., 108 in Sceloporus; Canada to Panamá.
Crotaphytidae ‣ two genera and 12 spp. from N Mexico and SW U.S.A. (SEE).
Iguanidae ‣ nine genera highly diverse in Mexico (5/19), Central America and West Indies; 4 genera occur in South America, Amblyrhynchus and Conolophus endemic to Galapagos, and the Mesoamerican Ctenosaura with one species in Colombia; among Iguana, the single genus in Brazil, of the 4 spp. only Iguana iguana occur in South America.
Corytophanidae ‣ 3 genera and from Mexico to Ecuador and Venezuela; two genera (Basiliscus and Corytophanes) and 4 spp. occur in South America (SEE).
Dactyloidae ‣ 436 spp. in a single genus, Anolis; Brazil has only 18 spp., and only 5 endemics. Mexico has 55 spp. and Colombia has 77 spp., the largest diversity worldwide (SEE).
SERPENTES ‣ Brazil has the second largest diversity of snakes worldwide (420), after Mexico (438, SEE); Brazil leads against Mexico in six families. Three remaining follows.
Boidae ‣ listed here due to endemic genus, Exiliboa.
Loxocemidae ‣ a single species, unique Pythonoid in New World, from Mexico to Costa Rica.
Elapidae ‣ Brazil leads in New World, with a single remarkable unbrazilian species, Hydrophis platurus L., known from California to NW Peru.
Colubridae ▸ Brazil has 302 spp., second world diversity after Mexico with 323 (Repfocus). 5 groups, in four Mexico has advantage against Brazil.○ SIBYNOPHIINAE · two genera, Sibynophis from SE Asia and Scaphiodontiphis in New World, from E Mexico to NW Colombia.○ CARPOPHIINAE · Diadophis in Mexico.
○ COLUBRIINAE · 93 genera, 42 genera in New World, mainly in U.S.A. (13, Cemophora endemic), Mexico (33, Conopsis, Geagras, Pseudoficimia, Sympholis endemics). Brazil has 12 genera, none endemics.
○ NATRICIINAE · 37 genera worlwide, 10 genera in New World, six endemics to U.S.A., Nerodia, Storeria, Thamnophis all from Canadá to Central America, and Adelophis endemic to Mexico.
37 Viperidae ▸ all vipers in New World are Crotaliinae, with 12 genera in region, nine in Mexico, the center of diversity of family (72, inc. two endemic genera); Brazil has 3th world diversity, with (4/)31 spp. (Repfocus).
4 mexican genera reaches up to South America: the also Brazilian Bothrops (45, 2 in Caribbean, one widely in South America up to Mexico, and remaining 42 only South America, with 27 in Brazil - 13 endemics, and endemics also in Argentina, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela and Ecuador), Crotalus (51, 49 from Canada to Panama, one endemic to Venezuela, and the widely distributed South American restricted C. durissus), Porthidium (9, Mexico southward through Central America to Ecuador in the Pacific lowlands, northern Venezuela in the Atlantic lowlands - 3 in South America, no in Brazil) and Bothriechis (11, Mexico, through Central America to Colombia, western Venezuela, Ecuador and northern Peru, only one in South America, none in Brazil).
3 genera does not occur in Mexico: Atropoides (1, Central America), Bothrocophias (7, Colombia to Brazil; two spp. in Brazil, endemics in Ecuador and Colombia) and Lachesis (4, Costa Rica to Bolivia and C Brazil; only one sp. in Brazil, three in South America).
19.8 TESTUDINES ‣ Brazil has the 3th diversity of turtles worldwide (17/35), equal number of Indonesia and Colombia, after U.S.A. (62) and Mexico (52) in species and land species (Repfocus). Two high clades. Brazil possibly has the seventh largest divesity in endemic Testudines, after U.S.A. (40), Australia (29), Mexico (22), Ecuador (14), China (11), Indonesia (10), by Intreasures.
CRYPTODIRA ‣ 10 families: Platysternidae (SEE) not occur is New World; Tryonichidae (only Apalone in New World) and Dermatemydidae (monotypic from Mexico, Guatemala and Belize) occur from Canada to Central America but non in South America; two sea-turtle families - Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae, both in Brazil and 5 of 7 spp. breeds in coastal states (exceptions are Lepidochelys kempii breeding only in Veracruz state of Mexico and Natator depressus nesting only in northern Australia); and the five above:
Kinosternidae ‣ 4 genera from Mexico, Sternotherus (2) up to Canada, Claudis (2) and Staurotypus (6) up to Central America and Kinosternon up to South America, with 21 spp., only three in South America, all in Colombia (one endemic), only K. scorpioides in Brazil. Mexico has 8 endemic species, all in Kinosternon.
Geoemydidae ‣ 19 genera and c. 60 spp., only one genus occur in New World: Rhynochlemys, with 9 spp., 4 only in Mexico to Central America, two only from Venezuela to Ecuador, and three from Mexico to South America, inc. the single Brazilian member, R. punctularia.
Testudinidae ‣ 18/c. 70 spp., only two genera in New World: Gopherus (5, Mexico and U.S.A.) and Chelinioides, with three spp. in mainland South America (two in Brazil) and 15 endemics to Galapagos Is.
Chelydridae ‣ two genera and 7 spp., with Macrochelys endemic to U.S.A. and Chelydra from North America to Colombia and Ecuador in South America (only C. acutirostris in continent).
Emydidae ‣ 10/53 spp. 8 genera occur only in U.S.A. and Mexico (with two endemic genera in U.S.A.), plus Emys (2; from Europe to Iran and Kazakhstan) and Trachemys, genus with 16 spp. mainly Mexico and U.S.A., also Caribbean, 4 spp. in South America, two in Colombia and Venezuela, one very disjunct in S Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, and one endemic to Maranhão and Piauí states in NE Brazil.
19.9 CROCODILYA ‣ three species in Mexico, Crocodylus moreletii (Mexico, Belize and Guatemala), C. acutus (coastal, Sinaloa to Ecuador, Veracruz to NE Venezuela, also Greater Caribbean, S Florida), and Caiman crocodylus (Mexico to C Brazil).
19.20 BIRDS ‣ in endemic genera, Brazil has 25 against 8 Mexicans, 3 Colombians and 11 Peruvians; with the exception of Passeriformes and Apodiformes, Brazil has 5 endemic genera (3 Psittaciformes, 1 Tinamiformes and 1 Piciformes), Colombia 1 (in Psittaciformes), Peru 1 (in Strigiformes) and Mexico 3 (in Galliformes, Psittaciformes and Trogoniformes, 1 each).
SPECIFIC DIVERSITY
Gaviidae, Oceanitidae and Gruidae no breeds in Mexico.
Except Passeriformes, seven families breeds in Mexico but non in Brazil:
Alcidae - 4 spp. breeds in Mexico: Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Synthliboramphus scrippsi, S. hypoleucus and S. craveri.
Phasianidae - two spp. of Maleagris.
Diomedeidae - only Phoebastria immutabilis, breeding only in islands of NW Mexico, and in Hawaii.
Hydrobatidae - 7 breeding species in Pacific coast of Mexico, 4 exclusively.
Pelecanidae - only Pelecanus occidentalis.
Pandionidae (1).
Phoenicoptridae (1).
Except Passeriformes, Brazil includes 8 breeding families which does not beeds in Mexico: Rheidae, Opistochomidae, Cariamidae, Anhimidae, Psophiidae, Steatornitidae, Rostratulidae and Capitonidae.
Mexico leads against Brazil in Vireonidae (spp./sp.end.), Corvidae (g/spp./sp.end.), Alaudidae, Paridae, Aegithilidae, Remizidae, Ptiliogonatidae, Cinclidae, Regulidae, Sittidae, Rhodinocichlidae, Peucedramidae, Icteriidae, Spindalidae (these absents in Brazil), Hirundinidae (sp.end.), Turdidae (g/spp./sp.end.), Mimidae (g/spp./sp.end.), Polioptilidae (sp.end.), Troglodytidae (g/spp./sp.end.), Parulidae (g/spp./sp.end.) Passerellidae (g/spp./sp.end.), Fringillidae (g.) and Cardinalidae (g/spp./sp.end.).
At the species level in non-Passeriformes, Mexico has endemic species in 8 families in which Brazil does not have them: Odontophoridae, Apodidae, Momotidae, Falconidae and several seabirds: Hydrobatidae, Procellariidae, Laridae, Alcidae, and Brazil has 6 non-Mexican endemic species container (Anatidae, Accipitridae, Psophiidae, Galbulidae, Bucconidae, Capitonidae).
19.21 MAMMALIA ‣ orders of mammals with Mexican highlights:
Didelphiomorpha ‣ Mexico includes Tlacuatzin, a endemic genus with 5 spp.
Chiroptera ‣ five families includes remarkable unbrazilian Mexican bats.
Vespertilionidae - Mexico includes Lasionycteris, Antrozous, Baueru, Corynorhinus, Euderma, Idionycteris, Nycticeius, Pipistrellus absents in Brazil, and more species in Myotis and Rhogeessa.
Molossidae - Mexico has one more species in Nyctinomops.
Emballonuridae - Mexico includes a single genus absent in Brazil: Balantiopteryx (2).
Mormoopidae - Mexico includes a single genus absent in Brazil: Mormoops (2).
Phyllostomidae - Mexico includes Centurio, Enchisthenes, Macrotus, Choeronycteris, Hylonycteris, Leptonycteris, Musonycteris absents in Brazil, and more species in Glossophaga, Mimon and Dermanura.
Ruminantia ‣ Mexico includes Cervus, Bison, Ovis, Antilocapra one each, and two more Odocoileus.
Perissodactyla ‣ Mexico includes the massive Tapirus bairdii.
Carnivora ‣ Mexico includes 23 carnivorous absents in Brazil: Canis latrans, C. lupus, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Vulpes macrotis, Ursus americanus, U. arctos, Conepatus leuconotus, C. semistriatus, Mephitis macroura, M. mephitis, Spilogale (4), Enhydra lutris, Taxidea taxus, one Bassariscus, two Procyon, and four breeding Pinnipeds.
Cetacea ‣ among Mysticeti, Mexico includes Eschrichtius robustus (Eschrichtiidae, family absent in Brazil) and a more Eubalaena; Balaenoptera edeni does not occur in Brazil. Among Odontoceti, Mexico includes Kogia (Kogiidae, 2), Indopacetus (1, Ziphiidae) Phocoenoides (1, Phocoenidae) as unbrazilian genera, and two more Mesoplodon and one more Delphinus and Sternella each.
Rodentia ‣ Mexico includes Erethizon (1); Sciuridae: Glaucomys (1), Sciurus (12), Tamiasciurus (1), Ammospermophilus (4), Cynomys (2), Neotamias (4), and Spermophilus (10); radiation Castorimorpha: Castor (1); Geomyidae (6/19); Heteromyidae (4/41); Cricetidae (24/141), in Arvicolinae (2/8), Tylomyinae (4/6), Neotominae (12/98) and Sigmodontinae (6/27); Peromyscus includes 50 spp. in Mexico.
Lagomorpha ‣ Mexico includes Romerolagus (1), a endemic genus, six Lepus and eight Sylvilagus.
Eulipotyphla ‣ 16 Sorex, 14 Cryptops, 5 Notiosorex; Megasorex, Scalopus one each, and two Scapanus.