SOUTH AMERICAN UNBRAZILIAN ANGIOSPERMS: SYNDROMES

In this post, we will discuss the mold/ecological syndromes of angiosperms in South America, exclusively focusing on forms absent in Brazil, along with a note on the most diverse morphologically genera on the continent.

CLOSEST POINTS TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF 10 GENERA ABSENTS IN BRAZIL

ANGIOSPERMS SYNDROMES IN UNBRAZILIAN SOUTH AMERICAN PLANTS

In addition to some exceptions already mentioned above for certain genera or species that have a certain singularity in their genus or family, it is worth mentioning several important cases involving South America plants absents in Brazil. 

       

1. plant mimicry is something neglected in the literature, but it is worth mentioning Macrocentrum droseroides Triana from Venezuela and Guyana, a Drosera-like species of Melastomataceae (SEE). 

 

2. vivipary in Melastomataceae is reported in 4 genera worldwide; in New World only two species does not occur in Brazil, Macrocentrum minus Gleason and M. vestitum Sandwith, from Venezuela to French Guiana.

 

3. all DT's in New World occur in Brazil except members of Barbaceniopsis, V. andina Ibisch, R.Vásquez & Nowicki endemic to Bolivia, Sporobolus atrovirens (Kunth) Kunth endemic to Mexico, Microchloa kunthii Desv. from Africa, tropical Asia and from U.S.A. to Argentina, Clinopodium giliesii (Benth.) Kuntze, endemic to Chile; and Blossfeldia liliputana Werderm., S Bolivia and N Argentina. 

4. fungi symbiotics, in the Neotropics, several unrelated plant genera have independently evolved the ability to form ECM symbioses with fungi; brazilian absents includes Pakaraimaea Maguire & Ashton (Cistaceae), Pseudomonotes tropenbosii A.C.Londoño, E.Alvarez & Forero (Dipterocarpaceae), and Quercus L. (Fagaceae).

5. among geocarpy in New World, all species occur in Brazil except members of Okenia (Nyctaginaceae) and Amphicarpus (Poaceae) from North America, and 14 spp. of Arachis in South America. 

6. all lineages of mymercophyts plants in South America reaches in Brazil except Myrmecophila, Alexia, Besleria, Myrcia, Hoffmania, Allomaieta, and Blakea. 

 

7. colored nectar occur documented in 70 spp. of angiosperms; in South America absent in Brazil includes Puya alpestris (Poepp.) Gay (Bromeliaceae), endemic to central Chile, with blue nectar; and Solanaceae C. pubescens Ruiz & Pav. from Ecuador to Bolivia, C. eximium Hunz. from Bolivia to Argentina (these three with yellow nectar), and in 9 spp. and 4 morphospecies of Jaltomata Schltdl. from Peru, one of them up to Bolivia (Dennis M. Hansen, Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc., 2007), all with red-to-orange nectars. 

 

8. all rubiaceous genera with pterophyllous calycophylls in South American Rubiaceae occur in Brazil except Cruckshanksia Hook. & Arn. (7, from Argentina and Chile) and Pteridocalyx (Guyana). 

 

9. among epiphylly, based on Dickson (The Botanic Review, 1978), as far as South America absent Brazilian taxa is concerned, Nototriche Turcz. (Malvaceae) has inflorescences at the junction of the petiole and the leaf blade; Phyllonoma Willd. ex Schultes (Phyllonomaceae, Venezuela to Peru) has inflorescences on the upper surface of the leaves; Erythrochiton hypophyllanthus Planch. (Rutaceae), endemic to Colombia, on the lower surface; in additon, by G. Mathieu et al. (Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 2008), 12 spp. of Peperomia (Piperaceae) in South America (Colombia to Bolivia) has inflorescences at the junction of the petiole and the leaf blade.

10. of the 10 largest angiosperm seeds (Wikipedia), 5 are from palms absent in South America, two are from non-palms from East Asia (in Poaceae and Lauraceae), and 3 from South America: the 3rd and 8th in Mora (Fabaceae), respectively M. oleifera (Triana ex Hemsl.) Ducke from Central America to Ecuador, 18 cm ✕ 15 cm ✕ 8 cm, and M. excelsa Benth. from Venezuela and Guianas); and the 9th, Pelleciera rhizophorae Planch. & Triana, Tetrameristaceae, a mangrove from the Pacific (Costa Rica to Ecuador) and Atlantic (Nicaragua to Colombia) coasts of tropical America. Saccoglottis ovicarpa Cuatr. from Chocó region of W Colombia may be the largest-fruited Humiriaceae, as well two spp. of Compsoneura and also two spp. of Iryanthera of the same region, in their respective genera, both Myristicaceae (Gentry, Caldasia, 1986, pg. 12). Attalea cuatrecasasiana (Dugand) A.J.Hend., Galeano & R.Bernal (Arecaceae) has fruits up to 14 cm. long by 10 cm in diameter, they are the third largest seeds in the palm family after the double coconut (Lodoicea maldivica, Seychelles) and the coconut (Cocos nucifera, Paleotropics), and the largest in New World (Palmpedia).

Zanthoxylum magnifructum Reynel (Colombia) has the largest fruits of any species in the genus in the New World (Reynel, Novon, 2020). Chionanthus megistocarpus (Oleaceae, Colombia) has largest fruits for this genus in the Neotropics (4.5–5 cm long; Fernández-Alonso, Phytotaxa, 2016). Ternstroemia washikiatii Cornejo & C.Ulloa (Pentaphyllacaceae, Ecuador) the large leaves (21–33 × 8.5–11 cm), and the large fruits (4.5–5.5 × 6.5–7.7 cm) of this genus (Cornejo & Ulloa, Harvard Papers in Botany, 2016). Monteverdia multicostata Cornejo & Biral (Celastraceae, Ecuador) has the largest fruits in the genus (to 3.5 cm long, Cornejo & Biral, Phytotaxa, 2021). Solanum sibundoyense (Bohs) Bohs (Solanaceae, Colombia) produces some of the largest fruits known in Cyphomandra clade (10cm ✕ 7cm, Bohs, Systematic Botany, 1988).

 

11. populations of Polylepis tarapacana Phil. (Rosaceae, Bolivia and Cono Sur) near Nevado Sajama, Bolivia, grow at about 5,600 m in altitude, making the highest record of trees in the world, displacing records of Abies squamata Masters (Pinaceae) in SW China (How High Altitude Polylepis Trees Taste the Guinness World Records Wrong, 2016); Myrosmodes Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae) is the only genus of its family to grow in the swamps of the high Andes and was registered at about 5,100 m a.s.l., highest habitat known to support orchids in Earth (Trujillo et al., Lankesteriana, 2016). Barbaceniopsis boliviensis (Baker) L.B. Smith is the highest known site of Velloziaceae, growing at 2,900 m in Bolivian Andes (Ibsch et al., Systematic Botany, 2001). Ceroxylon parvifrons (Engel) H.Wendl grows at the highest elevations in the world for a member of Arecaceae: 3,500 m in Ecuador (F. Borchsenius & M. Moraes R., Botánica Económica de los Andes Centrales, 2006). Chusquea aristata Munro (Poaceae) from Colombia to Peru has the distinction of growing at altitudes up to 4,300 m in Ecuador, the highest known elevation for any bamboo (Judziewicz and Clark, Aliso, 2007). 

 

12. cauliflory is an unusual phenomenon among flowering plants that evolved multiple times during the history of angiosperms, mainly tropical, like South American non Brazilian Grias in Lecythidaceae, Latua in Solanaceae, and Crescentieae in Bignoniaceae. 

 

13. Puya raimondii Harms (Bromeliaceae) from mountains of Peru and Bolivia is the most massive inflorescence of the Earth, with 8-12m tall, and have a diameter of up to 2.4 metres; extra-large specimens can grow as tall as 15m; the inflorescence can bear approximately 8,000 small white flowers (Guinness World Records). Croton amentiformis Riina (Euphorbiaceae) from Ecuador and N Peru is unique in its great genus with pendulous and quite dense inflorescences (R. Riina et al., Webbia, 2015); simple umbrellas in South American genera absent in Brazil belong only to Oreomyrrhis Endl. Monocostus K. Schum. (Costaceae) endemic to rainforests of E Peru is the only axillary uniflorous species in his family (Neotropical Costaceae). 

 

14. the third species-to-species largest flower in the New World is possibly Victoria boliviana Magdalena & L.T.Sm (Nymphaeaceae), endemic to flood plains of the Llanos de Moxos, Mamoré watershed, E Bolivia, with a diameter of up to 36cm. Psittacanthus longiflorus Kuijt (Loranthaceae), known only from Amazonas in Peru has unusually long flowers (to 17 cm), the longest known for this genus (Kuijt, Novon, 2014). Passiflora antioquiensis H.Karts (Passifloraceae), endemic to Colombia, is possibly the largest flower of this family (observation of SDa, see images). 

 

15. by Almeda & Dorr (PCAS, 2006), 37 spp. of Melastomataceae are dioecious, all in Miconia Ruiz & Pav., mainly from northern Andes, 25 from Ecuador to Bolivia, 3 of them up to Colombia, 3 endemics to Venezuela, 5 from Mexico and Central America and 3 in Caribbean, one up South America, another up Central America - none in Brazil. 

 

16. Rhytidanthera (Planch.) Tieghem from Colombia and Venezuela is the only genus of Ochnaceae with compound leaves (Reinales & Parra-O, BJLS, 2020). Despite being impressive for its large leaves, Pentagonia Benth. stands out for being the genus of the only species of Rubiaceae with normal, mature leaves are pinnately lobed to deeply pinnatifid. In the New World, occasional individuals of some species of Simira Aubl. may have pinnatifid leaves and a few species of Cruckshanksia Hook. & Arn. have leaves deeply and digitately 2 or 3 lobed (Hammel, Phytoneuron, 2015). 

 

17. the typical venation of Melastomataceae is absent in remarkable latifolious genus absent in Brazil: Alloneuron Pilg., exclusive from Colombia and (mainly in) Peru, with more specifically semicraspedodromous or mixed craspedodromous (Michelangely et al., Int. J. Plant Sciences, 2011). 

 

18. at pollination, Rhynchotheca Ruiz & Pavon (Francoaceae) from Ecuador and N Peru may be the only anemophilous species of Geraniales (POWO | NTK). 

 

19. the presence of both monads and tetrads in the same genus is very rare; for instance, this feature occur, e.g., in extra-South American Typha L. (Typhaceae), Epilobium L. (Onagraceae) and Podophyllum L. (Berberidaceae), and in South American Xanthossoma (Araceae), where all species have pollen in tetrads except three spp. from Venezuela to Peru (X. paradoxum (Bogner & Mayo) Bogner, X. mariae Bogner & E. G. Gonç. and X. latestigmatum Bogner & E. G. Gonç.), who have pollen in monads. 

 

20. among odd fruits, of the 2,223 Myrtaceae of New World, only Metrosideros stipularis (Hook. & Arn.) Hook.f. from S Chile and Argentina has capsular fruits - and is also the only non-Myrteae (is a Metrosidereae) in the hemisphere (Lucas et al., Taxon, 2007; Pillon et al., Systematic Botany, 2015). Dactylocardamum Al-Shehbaz, endemic to mountains of Peru, is the unique in Brassicaceae in fruits axillary sandwiched imbricated leaves (Al-Shehbaz, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 1989). 

 

21. an immense diversity of plants in South America are highly toxic, and any detailing is beyond the scope of this text. However, one remarkable monotypic genera can be cited: Sarcotoxicum salicifolium (Griseb) X. Cornejo & H. H. Iltis (Capparaceae), from Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia, whose fruits are edible at maturity if properly cooked, but extremely poisonous when immature, or even dried (Cornejo, Harvard Pappers in Botany, 2009). 

 

22. Calceolaria L. (Calceolariaceae) from tropical America is among the largest oil-producing genera - nonvolatile, a very unusual floral reward that attracts particular solitary oil-collecting bees (Cosakov et al., American Journal of Botany, 2009). 

 

23. at longevity, the List of Superlative Trees: Oldest proposes the ten oldest trees, and the second on the list is a gymnosperm from Argentina and Chile (Fitzroya cupressoides Hook. f. ex Lindl., Cupressaceae), in a Chilean individual.

24. Grias L. (Lecythidaceae) possibly has the largest leaves of Ericales; all species have leaves more tham 1m long (NYGB), but only two have bigger leaves: G. angustipetala Cornejo & S.A. Mori (Ecuador) and G. purpuripetala S.A. Mori & J. D. García-Gonz. (Colombia). Bajo Calima (region of W Colombia) species with putatively the largest leaves known in the entire world for their families include Schlegelia dressleri A. Gentry (Schlegeliaceae), Psittacanthus gigas Kuijt (Loranthaceae, leaves 50-100 cm long), Moquilea gentryi Prance (Chrysobalanaceae), Guarea cartaguenya Cuatrec (Meliaceae), Iryanthera megistophylla A. C. Smith (Myristicaceae), Ilex sp. nov. (leaves 15-25 x ca. 10 cm, Aquifoliaceae), and possibly Protium amplum Cuatr. (Burseraceae) and Macrolobium archeri Cowan (Fabaceae, also in Ecuador) - Gentry (Caldasia, 1986); some of them species reaches also in Panamá and Ecuador. Chusquea spectabilis L.G.Clark (Poaceae) from Venezuela to Ecuador has leaf blades which can reach 3–4 m in length, the largest leaves known in the grass family (Judziewicz and Clark, Aliso, 2007). 

 

25. spurred (with nectar spur in flower) genera in South America absents in Brazil includes Halenia (Gentianaceae), Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae, only E. tithymaloides L.), Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) and Nuttalanthus (Plantaginaceae), by SAa (SEE). 

 

26. spiralate anther in a very rare features, cited by few groups; in South America but non in Brazil this feature occur in Centaurium J.Hill. (Gentianaceae), by Krapov. (Bonplandia, 2009). 

 

27. the only neotropical dimerous Lauraceae is Yasunia van der Werff (Lauraceae), from Ecuador and Peru (van der Werff & Nishida, Novon, 2010); Tacarcuna amanoifolia Huft. from Colombia and Peru has 14–19 stamens, among the highest number in Phyllanthaceae (Hoffman et al., Kew Bulletin, 2006). 

28. Only two several parasitic plants infect cactis, both Loranthaceae subtribe Ligariinae: Tristerix aphyllus (Miers ex DC.) Barlow & Wiens attacking Trichocereeus chiloensis (Colla) Britton & Rose in Chile, and Ligaria cuneifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Tiegh. on Corryocactus Britton & Rose in Peru (Mauseth et al., Cactus and Succulent Journal, 2006). Tristerix aphyllus also has the most derived parasite in Santalales, as a endophytic parasite on cacti, whose endophytic life history may allow the parasite to escape the hot and desiccating desert conditions; however, this species retain some chlorophyll, and in spite of these extreme advances toward parasitism, true holoparasites are absent in the order despites Balanophoraceae (Science Direct | Holoparasitic). 

29. several members of Amaryllidaceae-Alloideae from Chile, Bolivia and Argentina (Gilliesia Lindl. and Miersia Lindl.) has zygomorphic flowers, superficially some Orchidaceae, uncommon or absent in remaining family in continent (Rudall et al., Am. J. Bot., 2002). 

30. some South American plants have some extremely unique appearance peculiarities. Outside Brazil, one of the most notable is Telipogon diabolicus Kolan., Szlach. & Medina (Orchidaceae), endemic to the border between the departments of Putumayo and Nariño in S Colombia, due to its floral appearance that resembles the popular silhouette of a devil.

31. Bignonia magnifica W.Bull (Bignoniaceae, Panama to N Venezuela and Ecuador) is the longest Lamiid plastome described to date (Fonseca et al., PeerJ, 2022).

What is the plant that grows tallest in Brazil

An interesting question that can be asked about Brazilian biodiversity is: what is the plant that grows tallest in Brazil? The answer is simple: the plants that grow at the top of Mount Neblina. Since Brazil's maximum altitude is only 2,995m, the mountaintop is still in a zone fully occupied by angiosperms. Part of the answer can be deduced with a photo of the extreme top, where it is possible to see the immediate vegetation formation, and presume which of these plants could be mentioned. Let's deduce some possibilities, in three photos obtained from the Internet, which portray the mountaintop.

A. in this photo, it is possible to infer that the angiosperms in Brazil that grow at higher altitudes are low, herbaceous plants that do not even reach the size of a shrub. There's not much more to say.

HERBACEOUS VEGETATION

B. in this photo, it is possible to see small rosettes, which suggest they are members of Poales, possibly Bromeliaceae, Cyperaceae, or Xyridaceae, with a low probability of being Poaceae.

POSSIBLY POALES

C. this third photo reinforces the possibility that the highest altitude plants in Brazil are Bromeliaceae.

POSSIBLY BROMELIACEAE

Most likely, the plants that grow at the highest altitudes in Brazil are Cyperaceae or Bromeliaceae.

COLOMBIA ✕ BRAZIL BOTANY COMPARATIONS ✅

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America-near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast-as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. By Vascular Plants of America (VPA, in February 04, 2023), Brazil has 34,784 spp. of vascular plants, Colombia has 24,204.

The flora of Colombia is strongly influenced by the neartic invasion of high-level lineages (Fagales, Hamamelidaceae, Pennelia), the very high diversity of epiphytes (4,253 of Orchidaceae, 380 Gesneriaceae, 282 Ericaceae), a huge concentration of the largest fruits in its lineages (Mora, Pelleciera, Attalea, Chionanthus, Solanum sect. Cyphomandra). As highly relevant plants, we highlight Erythrochiton hypophyllanthus and Ceroxylon quindiuense.

NOTES FOR TAXONOMY AND DIVERSITIES

Three unbrazilian orders occur in Colombia: Fagales, Huertales (2:2/10), and Desfontainiales (1:2/2). Brazil no has uncolombian orders. Colombia has 11 spp. of Fagales in 7 genera at 4 families, 5 in Morella, and Quercus, Trigonobalanus, Juglans, Alfaroa, Oreomunnea, and Alnus one sp. each.

Only 4 families exceed 1,000 spp. in Colombia (Orchidaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae); in Brazil are eight.

Colombian largest genera, via POWO (FEV 09, 2024, except Paepalanthus): Epidendrum (550), Miconia (546), Stelis (491), Anthurium (410), Piper (404), Lepanthes (341), Palicourea (299), Peperomia (270), Philodendron (237) and Pleutothallis (213).

In all 20 largest families in Colombia, Brazil has more species except Orchidaceae (4,189 ✕ 2,734), Araceae (861 ✕ 490), Piperaceae (683 ✕ 463), Gesneriaceae (376 ✕ 226), Ericaceae (282 ✕ 95), and Dryopteridaceae (290 ✕ 190).

Colombia has 28 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil, with (35/)129 spp. overall, 3/5 in Saurauia, Brunellia and Ribes:

Fagaceae (2/2), Betulaceae (1/1), Juglandaceae (3/3), Myricaceae (1/5), Collumeliaceae (2/2), Dipentodontaceae (1/7), Brunelliaceae (1/36), Tapisciaceae (1/3), Polemoniaceae (2/3), Montiaceae (2/5), Actinidiaceae (1/34), Grossulariaceae (1/9), Dipterocarpaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/1), Hydrangeaceae (1/3), Phyllonomaceae (1/1), Papaveraceae (1/2), Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Hamamelidaceae (1/1), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Alzateaceae (1/1), Namaceae (1/1), Phrymaceae (2/2), Peltantheracae (1/1), Cornaceae (1/1), Tovariaceae (1/1), Coriariaceae (1/1), and Tetrachondraceae (1/1).

In contrast, only 10 Brazilian families do not occur in Colombia: Calyceraceae, Canellaceae, Quillajaceae, Nartherciaceae, Francoaceae, Cistaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Goodeniaceae and Griseliniaceae.

Genera with a notable diversity advantage in Colombia over Brazil (except Orchidaceae, advantage in parenthesis) are Anthurium (223), Palicourea (133), Piper (120), Pentacalia (99), Peperomia (95), Columnea (92), Centropogon (85), Guzmania (80), Heliconia (72), Blakea (68), Cavendishia (67), Philodendron (67), Pitcairnia (61), Clusia (58), Lupinus (55), Oreopanax (54), Pilea (54), Sciodaphylum (49), Notopleura (46), Psammisia (46), Matisia (44), Besleria (37), Meriania (37), Magnolia (36), Puya (36), Siphiocampylus (33), Ardisia (32), Drymonia (30), Weinmannia (30), Festuca (29), Alchemilla (28), Bomarea (28), Stenostephanus (28), Berberis (27), Hypericum (27), Aiphanes (26), Freziera (26), Geissanthus (26), Aphelandra (25), Monnina (25), Xanthosoma (24), Gunnera (23), Calathea (22), Calceolaria (22), Critoniopsis (22), Disterigma (22), Stenospermation (21), Tropaeolum (21), Verbesina (21), Dendrophtora (20), Macrocarpaea (20).

Among representative-order genera absents in Brazil ('unbrazilian'), Colombia has Buxus (1), Cornus (1), Gentiana (1), Huertea (3), Malpighia (4), Metteniusa (7), and Vitis (2) - 19 spp. overall. Other remarkable unbrazilian genera native to Colombia includes Phaseolus, Tecoma, Morinda, Plumeria, and Cinchona.

Colombian endemic genera in families without endemic genera in Brazil includes only Dipterocarpaceae (Pseudomonotes) and Vochysiaceae (Mahechadendron).

Colombia also has 41 spp. of Brassicaceae in 11 native genera, a half in Draba.

Excluding Orchidaceae and the 28 unbrazilian families, Colombia includes 487 genera absents in Brazil (in 95 families), c. 3/5 of these in Asteraceae (97), Poaceae (29), Rubiaceae (28), Fabaceae (22), Gesneriaceae (19), Melastomataceae (18), Malvaceae (16), Apiaceae (13), Arecaceae (13), Solanaceae (11), and Ericaceae (10).

Excluding Orchidaceae and including 28 unbrazilian families, Colombia includes 522 genera absents in Brazil (in 123 families), mainly in Asteraceae (97), Poaceae (29), Rubiaceae (28), Fabaceae (22), Gesneriaceae (19), Melastomataceae (18), Malvaceae (16), Apiaceae (13), Arecaceae (13), Solanaceae (11), and Ericaceae (10).

Diference Colombia ▸ Brazil in Araceae (data of VPA): overall 371; less Anthurium: 140; now less Philodendron: 91; now less Xanthosoma: 67; now less Stenospermation: 46; now less Chlorospatha: 3.

Diference Colombia ▸ Brazil in Gesneriaceae (data of VPA): overall 150; less Columnea: 57; now less Besleria: 20; now less Drymonia: -10.

Diference Colombia ▸ Brazil in Orchidaceae (data of VPA): overall 1,455; less Lepanthes, Masdevallia, Dracula, Stelis and Pleurothallis, all in tribe Pleurothallidinae: 352; now less Epidendrum: -31.

INFRAFAMILIAR COLOMBIAN GROUPS ABSENTS IN BRAZIL

MAGNOLIIDS

ANNONACEAE ‣ all New World groups occur in Brazil except tribe Miliuseae (29/490-495); New World members composes Sapranthinae subtribe, with three genera, Desmopsis Saff., Sapranthus Seem. and Stenanona Standl., all from Mexico to Colombia, the first also in Cuba.

MONOCOTS

ARECACEAE ‣ 11 of the 15 South American tribes occur in Brazil; Colombian exceptions are tribe Sabaleae (Coryphoideae, 1/14) with Sabal Adans in Colombia and Venezuela; tribe Ceroxyleae (Ceroxyloideae, 4/34) with Ceroxylon Humb. & Bonpla. from Venezuela to Bolivia and Juan Fernandes in Chile; tribe Roystoneae (Arecoideae, 1/11) with Roystonea O.F.Cook in Colombia and Venezuela; and tribe Reinhardtieae (Arecoideae, 1/6) with Reinhardtia Liebm. in NW Colombia. 

BROMELIACEAE ‣ all South American clades occur in Brazil except tribe Glomeropitcairnieae in Tillandsioideae (1/2) in N Venezuela; and Greigia clade in Bromelioideae (4/41) from Mexico to Chile (continental and insular), Argentina and Venezuela. 

CYPERACEAE ‣ all 14 South American tribes occur in Brazil except tribe Scirpeae (9/74) with (6/)21 spp. in continent, from Colombia to Chile and Argentina. 

POACEAE ‣ despite the huge amount of genera in Pooideae and Chloridioideae does not occur in Brazil, all South American tribes and subfamilies in the family occur in Brazil except subf. Arundinoideae (11-13/35-37) with Phragmites australis (Nees) Döll in all coutries of New World except Brazil, Paraguay and some Caribbean Is., and tribe Brachypodieae (1/18) at Pooideae with Brachypodium mexicanum (Roem. & Schult.) Link from Colombia to Bolivia. Furthermore, 7 subtribes in Pooideae and 8 in Chloridioideae in Brazilian tribes occur in South America but non in Brazil. 

BASAL ANGIOSPERMS

RANUNCULACEAE ‣ two subfamilies in South America, subf. Ranunculoideae in Brazil and subf. Thalictroideae (7-8/280-340) absent, with 7 spp. of Thalictrum All. from Venezuela to Chile and Argentina. 

BUXACEAE ‣ two subfamilies, Brazilin absent is Buxeae (1/101), which in South America occur only from Colombia, Venezuela and Suriname. 

CRASSULACEAE ‣ two genera in South America, one in a each subfamily; Crassuloideae occur in Brazil, and subf. Sempervivoideae (18/970-1,000) has Sedum L. in continent, with 43 spp. from Venezuela to Argentina, mainly in Peru. 

FABIDS

CELASTRACEAE ‣ nine lineages in South America, seven in Brazil, two absents, one in Colombia: tribe Stackhousioideae (18/89) with two spp. of Crossopetalum P. Browne from Venezuela to Peru.

MALPIGHIACEAE ‣ 13 lineages in South America, all in South America except Ectopopterys clade (1/1), restricted fro Colombia to Peru. 

VIOLACEAE ‣ two subfamilies, subf. Violoideae occur in Brazil, and subf. Fusispermoideae (1/3) is absent, with two spp. of Fusispermum Hekking. from Colombia to Peru.

EUPHORBIACEAE ‣ all South American clades occur in Brazil except tribe Aleuritidae (15/60), with Garcia nutans Vahl ex Rohr in Colombia.

FABACEAE ‣ 33 clades in South America, 31 tribes among three subfamilies and, and two small subfamilies; all Colombian occur in Brazil except Prioria clade (3/16) with Prioria copaifera Griseb. in NW Colombia; and Cladrastidoids clade (3/18) with Styphnolobium sporadicum in NW Colombia.

ROSACEAE ‣ 7 tribes occur in South America, 5 in Brazil; absents are tribe Spireeae (8/90-110), with Holodiscus argenteus (L.f.) Maxim. in Colombia, and tribe Pyrodeae (27/700-730), with two genera and 18 spp. from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile; among native Brazilian tribe Potentilleae, subtribe Potentiliinae (1/493) is absent in Brazil, with 4 spp. of Potentilla L. from Venezuela to Argentina.

MALVIDS

MELASTOMATACEAE ‣ 18 lineages, 17 tribes of subf. Melastomatoideae plus two genera from subf. Olisbeoideae occur in South America, only two are absents in Brazil, both in Colombian: tribe Astronieae (4/156) with 4 spp. of Tessmannianthus Markgr. in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru; and tribe Cyphostyleae (4/20), fully exclusive from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Brazil has three tribes absents in Colombia.

ANACARDIACEAE ‣ six lineages (one small subfamily, two singled tribes in Anacardioideae, and three clades within tribe Anacardieae) occur in South America, all in Brazil except Clade 3 for Anacardieae (10/c. 100), with 16 spp. of Mauria Kunth in Venezuela to Bolivia. 

SAPINDACEAE ‣ 11 lineages in South America (one small subfamily and 10 tribes within two remaining subfamilies), two Colombian absents in Brazil: subf. Hipocastonoideae (5/180-185), with one Billia Peyr. in Colombia; tribe Doratoxyleae (8/19) at Dodonaeoideae, with one Exothea Macfad in Colombia and Ecuador.

RUTACEAE ‣ Amyridoideae (3/42), Brazilian absent with Amyris P. Browne with 12 spp. occur from Venezuela to Peru and Guianas. 

CLEOMACEAE ‣ six lineages in the New World, four in Brazil, Iltisella Clade (1/2) only in Mexico and Central America, and Andean Clade (4/39), from Mexico to Bolivia and Caribbean. 

BRASSICACEAE ‣ two subfamilies, Aethionomoideae (1/56) and Brassicoideae, the latter with 5 supertribes, all in New World, 4 in South America, and 57 tribes belongs in this family, 12 in South America, two in Brazil (tribes Cardamineae and Lepidieae), and seven in Colombia absent in Brazil: 

▪ tribes Descuiraneae (6/c. 45, 12 spp. in three genera from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile), and Halimolobeae (6/39, 13 spp. in 4 genera from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile) at supertibe Camelinodae. 

▪ Thelypodieae (28/260, 96 spp. within 14 genera in South America) and Brassiceae (c. 36/c. 275, with Cakile lanceolata (Willd.) O.E. Schulz in Colombia and Venezuela) at supertibe Brassicodae.

▪ tribes Eudemeae (10/42-43, all from Colombia to Argentina and Chile) and Cremolobeae (4/c.32, all from Colombia to Argentina and Chile) at supertibe Heliophiloidae.

▪ supertibe Arabodeae (45/680-750), with 84 spp. in two genera from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile.

MALVACEAE ‣ nine subfamilies, 8 in South America, all of them and your tribes occur in Brazil except subfamily Tilioideae (3/37), from temperate regions on the Northern Hemisphere, with Mortoniodendron Standl. & Steyerm (15) reaching to NW Colombia in South America.

BASAL ASTERIDS

NYCTAGINACEAE ‣ six lineages in South America (three small subfamilies and three tribes in subf. Nyctaginoideae), two of them absents in Brazil: subf. Boldoideae (3/3), with two spp. and genera from Colombia to Bolivia; and tribe Colignonieae (1/6) exclusive from Colombia to Argentina.

CACTACEAE ‣ 13 lineages at this family (3 small subfamilies and 10 tribes within Opuntioideae and Cactoideae), all in South America, 5 absents in Brazil, two in Colombia: tribe Tephrocacteae (7/57) at subf. Opuntioideae, restricted from Colombia to Argentina and Chile, at Cactoideae; and tribe Cacteae (32-35/405-425) with two spp. of Mamillaria Haworth in Colombia and Venezuela.

LOASACEAE ‣ three subfamilies, all in Brazil except Gronoviodeae (4/9) with Gronovia scandens L. from Venezuela and Peru.

TETRAMERISTACEAE ‣ a smaller family with two genera in South America, the monotypic Pentamerista Maguire at tribe Tetrameristeae in Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela, and Pelliciera Planch. & Triana at tribe Pelliciereae, with one sp. in mangroves from Ecuador and Colombia.

ERICACEAE ‣ 8 lineages (two small subfamilies and six tribes within two remaining subfamilies) occur in South America, three Braziian absents, one in Colombia: subf. Monotropoideae (14/55-60) with one Monotropa L.

LAMIIDS

SOLANACEAE ‣ family with several lineages with dubious nomenclatural position; 19 lineages in South America, 7 subfamily-equivalent plus 12 tribe-equivalent within subfamilies Cestroideae and Solanoideae, six absents in Brazil, only tribe Browallieae (1/17) in Colombia.

GENTIANACEAE ‣ six tribes in South America, only one absent in Brazil: tribe Gentianeae (17/940-970), with 218 spp. in South America in three genera, all in Colombia. 

APOCYNACEAE ‣ all South American clades of Apocynaceae occur in South America except two, inc. monogeneric subtribes Pentacyphinae (5, Venezuela to Peru), present in Colombia.

RUBIACEAE ‣ 31 tribes in South America, only two absents in Brazil: tribe Rondeletieae (13/c. 210) with 13 spp. of Rondeletia L. from Venezuela to Peru; and tribe Anthospermeae (10/210-215), with 7 spp. in three genera from Venezuela to Chile and Argentina.

GESNERIACEAE ‣ two of the three South American subfamilies do not occur in Brazil; subf. Epithemateae (7/c. 80) has a single New World species, Rhynchoglossum azureum (Schltdl.) B.L. Burtt, from Mexico to Honduras, Costa Rica to Peru; all South American clades in Gesnerioideae occur in Brazil, except two, inc. subtribe Gesneriinae (4/c. 70), with two spp. of Rhytidophyllum Mart. in Colombia and Venezuela 

PLANTAGINACEAE ‣ nine lineages (2 small subfamilies and 7 tribes within three remaining subfamilies) in South America, three absents in Brazil, all in Colombia: tribe Sibthorpieae (2/6) with two spp. of Sibthorpia L. from Venezuela to Argentina, these within subf. Plantaginoideae; tribe Russelioideae Jacq. within a unnamed Brazilian absent family, with R. sarmentosa Jacq. in Colombia; and subf. Antirrhinoideae (26/290-300) with 9 spp. along three genera from Venezuela to Argentina.

SCROPHULARIACEAE ‣ four lineages in South America, all with a single genus in continent, one absent in Brazil: tribe Hemimeridae (5/c. 160), with Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav. (10) from Venezuela to Argentina and Chile.

LAMIACEAE ‣ 12 subfamilies, seven in New World and in Brazil except except the Callicarpa Clade, composed exclusively by the genus Callicarpa L. with only C. acuminata Kunth in South America, up to Venezuela and Bolivia.

OROBANCHACEAE ‣ four tribes of this family occur in South America, Orobancheae (12/c. 180) and Rhinantheae (15/340-510) absents in Brazil, the former in Colombia with Neobartsia L.

BIGNONIACEAE ‣ six tribes occur in Bignoniaceae, three absents in Brazil, all in Colombia: Tourretieae (2/4, Mexico to Argentina), Tecomeae (11/72, North America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, Mexico to Nicaragua, Peru to Chile and Argentina, with T. stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth up to Mexico) and Delostomeae (1/4, Venezuela to Peru). 

CAMPANULIDS

APIACEAE ‣ all 5 major clades in South America occur in Brazil, the majority however with a minimal amount of representative genera; the large family groups from Colombia absent in Brazil is the subtribe-level Arracacia clade (15 genera, 8 from Venezuela to Bolivia, 41 spp. in continent).

INFRAGENERIC COLOMBIAN GROUPS ABSENTS IN BRAZIL

Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) ‣ by Waselkov et al. (Systematic Botany, 2018), four well defined clades, all in South America, not exactly concordant with the classical classification of the genus, only two in Brazil, ESA clade and Hybridus clade, three spp. each. 

 

Anthurium (Araceae) ‣ 18 sections accepted here - Croat (Aroideana, 1983); Croat, T. B., Lingán, J. & Hayworth, D.(Rodriguésia, 2005); Temporini (Thesis, 2006); Carlsen & Croat (Annals of Mss. Bot. Garden, 2019); for an illustrated breakdown of the genus, see Croat (MOBOT, 2017). 

Andiphilum - 25 spp., mainly Central America. 

Belolonchium - 220 spp.

Calomystrium - 184 spp.

Cardiolonchium - 175 spp.

Chamaerepium - only one sp., A. radicans K. Koch, endemic to Brazil.

Dactylphyllium - 24 spp., tropical America.

Decurrentia - 45 spp., from Central America to N Brazil. 

Digitinervium - 41 spp., Costa Rica to tropical Andes.

Gymnopodium - only one sp., A. gymnopus Griseb. from Cuba.

Leptanthurium - a single sp., A. gracile (Rudge) Schott, over tropical America.

Multinervia - 16 spp.

Pachyneurim - 156 spp. (inc. several species formerly placed in Urospadix section), birds’s nestings, over tropical America.

Polyneurium - tropical America.

Polyphyllium - two spp., A. flexile Schott and and A. clidemioides Standley, Mexico to Colombia.

Porphyrochitonium - 215 spp., a large group from Costa Rica to Ecuador, mainly in Colombia.

Semaeophyllium - 23 spp., Nicaragua to Peru (Carlsen & Croat, Harvard Papers in Botany, 2007).

Tetraspermuim - 35 spp., scandent hersb, over tropical America.

Urospadix - 60 spp., endemic to E Brazil.

Xialophyllium - 108 spp., tropical America.

Bauhinia (Fabaceae) ‣ Wunderlin et al. (Biolgiske Skrifter Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 1987), with updates for Wunderlin (Phytoneuron, 2010), only subg. Bauhinia occur in New World, divided in section Bauhinia, Pauletia, Amaria, Alvesia, Micralvesia, Telestria, Pseudophanera, Afrobauhinia and Gigasiphon, only three firsts in New World. sect. Amaria (c. 15, N South America to Mexico) is fewer represented in Brazil.

Begonia (Begoniaceae) ‣ Brazil and Colombia has the same number of sections, both one after Peru and Ecuador.

Berberis (Berberidaceae) ‣ Colombia has 5 sections, Brazil only three.

Bomarea (Alstroemeriaceae) ‣ by Hofreiter (Systematic Botany, 2008), four subgenera belongs this genus: subg. Baccata (5, Panamá to N Colombia in South America), subg. Bomarea (80, all range of genus, including the single Brazilian species), subg. Wichuraea (18, high Andes) and subg. Sphaerine (12 spp., Venezuela to Bolivia). 

 

Calceolaria (Calceolariaceae) ‣ 24 sections within 3 subgenera by Molau (1988), but most of them are polyphyletic, and the division proves to be unsuitable - Andersson (Taxon, 2006).

 

Callandrinia (Montiaceae) ‣ two sections, sect. Calandrinia (8, W America, distributed along the American cordillera nearly from British Colombia to SW U.S.A. and NW Mexico, central Mexico to the Central Andes of N Argentina (except Panama), Buenos Aires Province in Argentina, throughout all but the southernmost, and one species possibly native to the Falkland Islands) and sect. Cespitosae (11, W South America, two species of the Central Andes, one extending to Central America and southern Mexico) - Hershkovitz (Article, 2019).

 

Cattleya (Orchidaceae) ‣ 4 subgenera, subg. Cattleya (91) with three sections: sect. Cattleya (17, over South America), sect. Crispae (71, over South America) and sect. Lawrenceanae (3, N Brazil and Venezuela); subg. Cattleyella (1, S Pará to Tocantins state, in center Brazil), subg. Intermediae (21, over South America, mainly Brazil) and subg. Maximae (1, Venezuela to Peru) - Van Den Berg (Phytotaxa, 2014). 

Chusquea (Poaceae) ‣ 5 genera, 6 sections and 5 groups, all from Brazil except four sections within subg. Chusquea (Longifoliae, Longiprophyllae, Serpentes and Verticillatae), C. culeou group in subg. Swallenochloa from southern Andes (0–2,000m), and subg. Platonia from Colombia to Ecuador - Fisher et al. (Systematic Botany, 2014). 

Citharexylum (Verbenaceae) ‣ by O´Leary et al. (American Journal of Botany, 2020), three subgenera: subg. Purpuratum (1, endemic to Mexico), Citharexylum (sects. Citharexylum, Mexicanum, Pluriflorum) and subg. Sudamericanum (sects. Andinum, Caribe and Sylvaticum); three sections are exclusive from U.S.A to Nicaragua; one is exclusive to Caribbean; and remaining three in South America, one Brazilian absent: sect. Citharexylum (25-30) belongs subg. Citharexylum, mainly Mesoamerica, six extend into the Caribbean and N South America. 

 

Cnidoscolus (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ genus with 8 sections, Calyptrosolen (20), mainly in Mexico and Central America but with a few species in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, unique South American absent in Brazil - Maya-Lastra & Steinmann (Taxon, 2018). 

 

Cobaea (Polemoniaceae) ‣ 4 sections: sect. Cobaea is mainly Mexican, with one species occurring in the Andes; sect. Pachysepalae is restricted to southern Mexico and Guatemala; sect. Rosenbergia is widespread in the neotropics; and sec. Triovulatae is restricted to central Mexico, Costa Rica, and Panama - Prater (Systematic Botany, 1999).

 

Croton (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ 31 sections in the New World, 22 in South America, of which three are absent from Brazil, two in Colombia: Cupreati (1, Colombia and Ecuador) and Drepanii (6, only C. costatus (weed) in South America, on the coast of Colombia and Venezuela).

 

Erythranthe (Phrymaceae) ‣ 12 sections, 8 only in North America/Mexico (29), two from Asia/North America (18 in North America and 10 in Asia), and three also in South America: sect. Sinopitheca (4, Asia and E. bridgesii (Benth.) G.L. Nesom in Chile and Argentina), sect. Mimulosma (18, E. stolonifera (Novopokr.) G.L. Nesom from Russia, 17 spp. from U.S.A. and Mexico, E. moschata (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L. Nesom disjunct in Chile) and sect. Simiola (38, restricted from North America and Mexico, nine in Chile (4 of then reaching into Argentina, 1 into Bolivia) and adjacent southern coast of Peru, and one, E. glabrata (Kunth) G.L. Nesom, in U.S.A., Mexico, and disjunct in Colombia) - Barker, Nesom, Beardsley & Fraga (Phytoneuron, 2012). 

 

Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ a large and high morphological diverse genus with 4 subgenera and 64 sections, only 18 in New World, 10 in Brazil. Two colombian sections are absents in Brazil: sects. Crepidaria from Caribbean Basin; sect. Euphorbiastrum occur in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru to S Mexico and Caribbean.

Fuchsia (Onagraceae) ‣ 9 sections, two Colombian absents in Brazil: sect. Fuchsia (61, tropical Andes, Hispaniola) and sect. Hemsleyella (14, tropical Andes). 

 

Gunnera (Gunneraceae) ‣ sect. Misandra (2, Andean region) occur in Colombia and is absent in Brazil. 

Heliotropium (Heliotropiaceae) ‣ 4 clades, three in South America, with Cochranea clade (17), a single section, from Andes of Colombia to Chile, the unique clade in Colombia absent in Brazil. 

 

Herrania (Malvaceae) ‣ two sections: sect. Herrania (3, Panamá, Colombia and Venezuela) and sect. Subcymbicalyx (14, over range of genus) - C. R. S. Silva and A. Figueira (Plant Syst. Evol., 2004).

 

Juglans (Juglandaceae) ‣ 4 sections, sect. Trachycaryon monotypic endemic to E North America, sect. Juglans with J. regia L. from Europe to China and the Himalayas and J. sigillata Dode endemic to China, sect. Cardiocaryon with three spp. from China, Japan and Korea; and sect. Rhysocaryon (16), the black walnuts, endemic to the New World and includes nine North American, three Central American and all four South American taxa - Mallikarjuna (Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2006).

 

Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) ‣ sect. Talauma has 4 subsections: subsect. Chocotalauma (6, three in Colombia and three in Ecuador), subsect. Cubenses (10, Caribbean), subsect. Dugandiodendron (22, E Venezuelan and Andes from Colombia to Peru) and subsect. Talauma (Mexico to the south of Brazil, including the other 35 spp. on the continent, four of then in Brazil). 

 

Manihot (Euphorbiaceae) ‣ 19 sections, 14 in Brazil, only one in Colombia absent in Brazil: sect. Carthaginensis (2) from N Venezuela to N Colombia. 

 

Meriania (Melastomataceae) ‣ five sections: Eumerianie, Umbellata, Pachymeriae, Davya and Adelbertia, the two lasts in Brazil - Chiavegatto & Baumgratz (Systematic Botany, 2015). 

Montia (Montiaceae) ‣ three sections, sect. Montia (6, including the widespread M. fontana L. and two species from NW South America), sect. Australiensis (9, 8 in Australia/New Zealand and one in NW North America and SW Canada) and sect. Montiastrum (4, NW North America and NE Asia) - Hershkovitz (Article, 2019). 

 

Nicotiana (Solanaceae) ‣ Colombian sections absents in Brazil: Noctiflorae and Rusticae. 

 

Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae) ‣ six subgenera, with a odd in South America: N. ampla (Salisb.) DC., from Brachyceras subgenus. 

 

Passiflora (Passifloraceae) ‣ Colombian subdivisions absents in Brazil only sect. Astrophea (Colombia to Peru, giants Passiflora) in subg. Astrophea; sect Hahniopathanthus (5, Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela) in subg. Decaloba; sect. Tryphostemmatoides (4, Nicaragua to Ecuador) in subg. Deidamioides; and supersect. Tacsonia in subg. Passiflora (62-64 spp., Andes).

 

Pavonia (Malvaceae) ‣ 5 subgenera, 15 sections and 9 subsections emerges of this genus, all South American in Brazil except sect. Albae in subg. Asterochlamys (3, Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela) and sect. Diathericae in subg. Typhalea (1, endemic to mangroves in Pacific coast of Colombia). 

 

Peperomia (Piperaceae) ‣ modern analyzes (Wanke, Plant. Biol., 2006) indicate a arrangement with 8 distinct lineages; by the species analyzed in the work, Brazilian members are confirmed for all clades except clade A.

Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) ‣ only a single lineage in South America absent in Brazil: sect. Oxalistylis monotypic from Costa Rica to Peru and Venezuela.

Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) ‣ three subgenera, two in South America, subg. Isoloba (19, four sections, only sect. Ampullipalatum in South America with 9 spp. all restricteds from continent, 4 from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, and 5 in Argentina and Chile), subg. Pinguincula (25-30, northern hemisphere, absent in continent) and subg. Temnoceras (63-73, four sections, only one in South America, sect. Heterophylliformis, a monotypic section, with P. elongata Benj. from Andes of Colombia and Venezuela) - Fleischmann (Carnivorous Plant Newletter, 2021).

Piper (Piperaceae) ‣ three main lineages: Neotropical, Asian, and South Pacific; these main lineages comprise ten major clades; Neotropical lineage can be subdivided in to eight clades, all occur in Brazil except clade Piper cinereum/P. aurita clade, with two spp., from Mexico to Ecuador, Venezuela, Suriname and French Guiana. 

Poa (Poaceae) ‣ joined data from Soreng et al (Aarhus, 2010) and Poa in Flora of China (SEE), five subgenera belongs this genus, Ochlopoa, Pseudopoa, Poa, Stenopoa and Sylvestres; in New World occur the following taxa: subg. Poa sects Macropoa, Homalopoa and Poa, subg. Ochlopoa sects Alpinae and Parodiochloa, subg. Stenopoa sects Pandemos, Secundae and Stenopoa, and subg. Sylvestres. Sections absents in South America: Pseudopoa (5, NE Africa, C and SW Asia, Europe) and Sylvestres (endemic to North America) - Giussani et al. (Annals of Botany, 2016).

Quercus (Fagaceae) ‣ two subgenera (Quercus and Cerris, only the first in New World) and eight sections; South American member Q. humboldtii Bonpl. belongs subg. Quercus section Lobatae, a high clade with 120 spp. exclusively from New World - Denk et al (Tree Physiology, 2007). 

 

Sanicula (Apiaceae) ‣ with data of Kronister (Thesis, 2013) and Vargas et al. (Systematic Botany, 1999), 4 sections make up this genus: sect. Pseudopetagnia (6, Asia), sect. Sanicoria (18, W North America, 3 in Hawaii), sect. Sanicula (13, cosmopolitan, only one in Asia, includind the three South American spp.) and sect. Tuberculatae (3, China, Korea and Japan).

 

Saurauia (Actinidiaceae) ‣ there is no global genus review; by Soejarto (Fieldiana, 1980), for South America, there are 7 sections, all exclusives from continent, with largest numbers in Colombia (6, Omichlophilea endemic) and Peru (5, Gynotrichae endemic).

 

Sedum (Crassulaceae) ‣ a chaotic genus with two major groups, Leucosedum clade (200, Sedeae p.p., inc. Pistorinia, Rosularia, Prometheum, Afrovivella, Sedella, Dudleya, Sedum p.p.) and Acre clade (550, Sedeae p.p., Cremnophila, Echeveria, Graptopetalum, Lenophyllum, Pachyphytum, Thompsonella, Villadia, Sedum p.p.) - Messerschmid & al. (Taxon, 2020). 

 

Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) ‣ Colombian sections absents in Brazil: sect. Echthronema (7, W North to Colombia, Peru and Bolivia), sect. Hydastylus (6, North America, Central America, W South America and Hawaii) and sect. Segetia (6, W South America). 

 

Stelis (Orchidaceae) ‣ Karremans (Lankesteriana, 2019) - recognizes ten subgenera in this genus, 6 in Brazil and 4 absents, all in Colombia: Physosiphon (6, Mexico to Bolivia), Condylago (2, Panamá and Colombia), Uncifera (42, Mexico to Bolivia) and Dracontia (40, Mexico to Andes). 

 

Viola (Vioaceae) ‣ 664 species accepted into 2 subgenera, 31 sections, and 20 subsections; subg. Neoandinium has 139 spp. in 11 sections, 7 only from Argentina and Chile, sect. Inconspicuiflos (8) is endemic to Peru, and three remainig widely in W South America; subg. Viola has 20 sections, of which 7 occur in South America: sect. Chilenium (2, Colombia to Patagonia), sect. Leptidium (18, Mexico to Bolivia, Lesser Antilles, SE Brazil), sect. Nosphinium subsect. Mexicanae (10, Mexico to Ecuador), sect. Rubellium (3, endemic to C Chile), sect. Tridens (1, Chile and Argentina), sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae (51, north-temperate, except for V. huidobrii Gay in Argentina and Chile, and one in New Guinea), sect. Xanthidium (2, Peru to N Argentina) - Marcussen et al. (Plants, 2022).

 

Voyria (Gentianaceae) ‣ this genus has two well distinct subgenera: subg. Voyria (only V. caerulea Aubl. in Brazil) and subg. Leiphaimos (all remaining species in country), by Gomes et al. (Taxon, 2022).

BY GROUP

In orange, exxogenera without a true equivalent in Brazil, in same taxonomic group, similar size end same level of endemism.

BRYOPHYTA

Colombia has an advantage in the two largest groups: Marchantiophyta (703 ✕ 698) and Bryophyta (932 ✕ 896). In addition, Colombia has 2 more genera of Marchantiophyta. However, the advantage is Brazilian in all other comparisons.

FERNS ET ALIES

LYCOPHYTES

In Lycopodiales, largest diversities in New World are Colombia (8/94, 75 only in Phlegmariurus), Brazil (9/62), U.S.A. (8/23, c. 1/3 in Huperzia) and Mexico (6/23, 17 in Phlegmariurus). Brazil leads Colombia in all colombian genera except tied status in Lycopodiella (4 ✕ 4), Austrolycopodium (1 ✕ 1), Diphasium (1 ✕ 1), Lycopodium (1 ✕ 1), and lose in Palhinhaea (8 ✕ 6) and Phlegmariurus (75 ✕ 39), by Almanaque Z (SEE). 

 

In Selaginellales, U.S.A includes 7 genera (one endemic; Lepidoselaginella, Valdespinoa and Selaginoides absents in Brazil), Mexico six (Didiclis and Lepidoselaginella absents in Brazil), Colombia six (Didiclis absent in Brazil) and Brazil includes only five (Gymnogynum, Bryodesma, Megaloselaginella, Pulviniella and Selaginella). Largest diversities: Colombia (7/97), U.S.A. (6/36), Mexico (6/80) and Brazil (6/81). Brazil and Colombia tied in Bryodesma, Megalosellaginella and Pulviniella. Brazil lose for Colombia in Gymnogynum (24 ✕ 16) and Selaginella (67 ✕ 60), by Almanaque Z (SEE).

MONILOPHYTES

Colombia has an advantage in Equisetaceae (3 ✕ 1, two Equisetum), Ophioglossaceae (6 ✕ 5, one Botrychium), Psilotaceae (2 ✕ 1, Psilotum coplanatum), Marattiaceae (23 ✕ 16), Hymenophyllaceae (126 ✕ 92), Gleicheniaceae (30 ✕ 16), Cyatheaceae (130 ✕ 59), Aspleniaceae (293 ✕ 253), Dennstaedtiaceae (40 ✕ 25), and Polypodiaceae (592 ✕ 400). Overall, Colombia has 1,428 species compared to 1,206 in Brazil. Excluding Polypodiaceae, advantage of Colombia drops from 222 to 30.

GYMNOSPERMS

Advantage of Colombia in Zamia (▴19, ▴17 endemics), and two genera of Podocarpaceae: Pectinipitys (with P. harmsiana) and Prumnopitys (with P. montana).

MAGNOLIOPHYTES

NYMPHEALES 

 

Cabombaceae [Brasenia].

MAGNOLIIDS 

 

Piperaceae: Piper (▴120), Peperomia (▴95).

Myristicaceae: Otoba (▴6), Compsoneura (▴8).

Magnoliaceae: Magnolia (▴36). 

 

Annonaceae [Desmopsis, Sapranthus, Stenanona]. 

 

Siparunaceae: Siparuna (▴12). 

 

Hernandiaceae [Gyrocarpus] | Hernandia (▴1). 

 

Lauraceae [Andea]. 

 

CHLORANTHALES 

 

Chloranthaceae: Hedyosmum (▴17). 

 

MONOCOTS 

 

Araceae [Chlorospatha] | Anthurium (▴223), Philodendron (▴67), Xanthossoma (▴24), Stenospermation (▴21), Monstera (▴11), Spathiphyllum (▴11), Dieffenbachia (▴8), Syngonium (▴8), Rhodospatha (▴6). 

 

Hydrocharitaceae [Thalassia]. 

 

Alismataceae: Sagittaria (▴1). 

 

Cymodoceaceae [Syringodium]. 

 

Cyclanthaceae [Carludovica Dianthoveus Schultesiophyton] | Asplundia (▴14), Dicranopygium (▴27), Sphaeradenia (▴28). 

 

Alstroemeriaceae: Bomarea (▴28). 

 

Orchidaceae (BR 197\2,705 ✕ 219\4,259 CL)

 

VANILLOIDEAE - (BR 4/88 ✕ 4/66 CL). Colombian advantages: Duckeela (7 ✕ 3), Epistephium (18 ✕ 12).

CIPRIPEDIOIDEAE - (BR 2/9 ✕ 2/9 CL). Colombian advantages: Phragmipedium (6 ✕ 5 ).

ORCHIDIOIDEAE - (BR 33/448 ✕ 32/411 CL)

Codonorchidae - (BR 1/1). Absent in Colombia.

Cranichidae - (BR 31/271 ✕ 31/359 CL). Colombian outliers: Gomphichis (28), Pterichis (17), Aa (10), Myrosmodes (9), Pseudocentrum (8), Coccineorchis (5), Altensteinia (3), Stenorrhynchos (3), Cybebus (1). Colombian advantages: Microchilus (103 ✕ 39), Cranichis (50 ✕ 5), Ponthieva (27 ✕ 3), Baskervilla (3 ✕ 1), Beloglottis (2 ✕ 1), Hapalorchis (6 ✕ 5).

Orchideae - (BR 1/176 ✕ 1/52 CL).

 

EPIDENDROIDEAE - (BR 158/2,160 ✕ 181/3,773 CL)

Neottieae - (BR 1/9 ✕ 1/17 CL). Colombian advantages: Palmorchis (17 ✕ 9).

Sobralieae - (BR 2/32 ✕ 3/144 CL). Colombian outliers: Sertifera (8). Colombian advantages: Elleanthus (66 ✕ 12), Sobralia (70 ✕ 20).

Gastrodieae - (BR 1/3 ✕ 1/1 CL).

Triphoreae - (BR 3/15 ✕ 3/20 CL). Colombian outliers: Monophyllorchis (5). Colombian advantages: Psilochilus (7 ✕ 5).

Xerorchideae - (BR 1/2 ✕ 1/2 CL).

Tropidieae - (BR 2/2 ✕ 2/5 CL). Colombian advantages: Corymborkis (4 ✕ 1).

Wullschaegelieae - (BR 1/2 ✕ 1/2 CL).

Malaxideae - (BR 3/83 ✕ 5/58 CL). Colombian outliers: Crossoglossa (23), Vargasiella (1). Colombian advantages: Malaxis (15 ✕ 10), Liparis (9 ✕ 4).

Vandeae - (BR 2/51 ✕ 2/21 CL).

Collabieae - (BR 0/0 ✕ 1/1 CL). Absent in Brazil.

CYMBIDIEAE - (BR 93/887 ✕ 106/1,237 CL).

Cymbidieae/Cyrtopodieae - (BR 1/38 ✕ 1/7 CL).

Cymbidieae/Eulophieae - (BR 1/2 ✕ 1/1 CL)

Cymbidieae/Catasetinae - (BR 7/196 ✕ 6/75 CL). Colombian outliers: Dressleria (3). Colombian advantages: Clowesia (2 ✕ 1), Cycnoches (9 ✕ 6).

Cymbidieae/Oncidinae - (BR 40/364 ✕ 44/564 CL). Colombian outliers: Cyrtochilum (94), Telipogon (76), Fernandezia (26), Caucaea (8), Cischweinfia (6), Miltoniopsis (4), Pterostemma (4), Hofmeisterella (2), Rossioglossum (2), Trichoceros (2), Vitekorchis (2), Cuitlauzina (1), Cyrtochiloides (1), Notyliopsis (1), Systeloglossum (1), Tolumnia (1), Zelenkoa (1). Colombian advantages: Oncidium (153 ✕ 13), Aspasia (5 ✕ 4), Brassia (24 ✕ 16), Comparettia (10 ✕ 5), Eloyella (3 ✕ 1), Erycina (4 ✕ 3), Leochilus (2 ✕ 1 ), Lockhartia (12 ✕ 7), Ornithocephalus (15 ✕ 8), Otoglossum (19 ✕ 3), Psychopsis (3 ✕ 2), Solenidium (3 ✕ 2), Trichopilia (15 ✕ 5).

Cymbidieae/Zygopetalinae - (BR 23/83 ✕ 24/137 CL). Colombian outliers: Kefersteinia (17), Chondroscaphe (6), Benzingia (4), Echinorhyncha (4), Chaubardiella (3), Chondrorhyncha (3), Daiotyla (2), Warreella (2), Euryblema (1), Ixyophora (1), Warreopsis (1). Colombian advantages: Batemannia (2 ✕ 1), Cochleanthes (2 ✕ 1), Cryptarrhena (3 ✕ 2), Dichaea (35 ✕ 29), Galleotia (6 ✕ 5), Huntleya (14 ✕ 2), Pescatoria (17 ✕ 2), Warczewiczella (7 ✕ 3).

Cymbidieae/Eriopsidinae - (BR 1/2 ✕ 1/4 CL). Colombian advantages: Eriopsis (4 ✕ 2).

Cymbidieae/Maxillariinae - (BR 7/138 ✕ 11/334 CL). Colombian outliers: Anguloa (8), Teuscheria (4), Crossoliparis (1), Neomoorea (1). Colombian advantages: Maxillaria (270 ✕ 107), Ida (18 ✕ 1), Lycaste (10 ✕ 1), Rudolfiella (4 ✕ 3), Xylobium (15 ✕ 6).

Cymbidieae/Coleopsidinae - (BR 1/4 ✕ 3/11 CL). Colombian outliers: Lycomormium (2), Coeliopsis (1).

Cymbidieae/Stanhopeinae - (BR 12/65 ✕ 15/105 CL). Colombian outliers: Sievekingia (6), Trevoria (4), Schlimia (2), Embreea (1), Lacaena (1), Lueddemannia (1), Soterosanthus (1). Colombian advantages: Gongora (27 ✕ 11), Acineta (7 ✕ 1), Houlletia (8 ✕ 2), Paphinia (6 ✕ 3), Polycycnis (7 ✕ 1), Stanhopea (19 ✕ 8).

EPIDENDREAE - (BR 49/1,074 ✕ 55/2,265 CL).

Epidendreae/Calypsoinae - (BR 1/1 ✕ 1/6 CL). Colombian advantages: Govenia (6 ✕ 1) .

Epidendreae/Bletiinae - (BR 2/3 ✕ 2/9 CL). Colombian advantages: Bletia (7 ✕ 2), Chysis (2 ✕ 1).

Epidendreae/Ponerinae - (BR 2/2 ✕ 2/2 CL).

Epidendreae/Laeliinae - (BR 20/438 ✕ 16/668 CL). Colombian outliers: Arpophyllum (1), Guarianthe (1), Myrmecophila (1), Oestlundia (1). Colombian advantages: Epidendrum (550 ✕ 159), Jaqcuiniela (4 ✕ 2), Laelia (8 ✕ 2), Nidema (2 ✕ 1), Scaphyglottis (33 ✕ 12).

Epidendreae/Pleutothallidinae - (BR 24/630 ✕ 34/1,580 CL). Colombian outliers: Dracula (78), Restrepia (30), Scaphosepalum (17), Porroglossum (13), Diodonopsis (6), Ophidion (6), Teagueia (3), Dresslerella (2), Draconanthes (2), Frondaria (2), Pendusalpinx (2), Gravendeelia (1), Stellamaris (1). Colombian advantages: Lepanthes (341 ✕ 6), Stelis (491 ✕ 49), Pleurothallis (341 ✕ 16), Masdevallia (165 ✕ 14), Brachionidium (13 ✕ 6), Myoxanthus (18 ✕ 8), Pleurothallopsis (12 ✕ 1), Restrepiella (2 ✕ 1), Lepanthopsis (13 ✕ 6), Trichosalpinx (33 ✕ 9), Zootrophion (12 ✕ 1), Trisetella (5 ✕ 1 ), Platystele (42 ✕ 5), Specklinia (22 ✕ 9), Andreetteaea (14 ✕ 4). 

 

Iridaceae [Libertia Olsynium Orthosaantgus Hesperoxiphium]. 

 

Amaryllidaceae [Pamianthe Pheadranassa Plagiogirium Stenomesson]. 

 

Asparagaceae [Agave Echeandia Trihesperus] | Furcraea (▴3). 

 

Arecaceae

 

Coryphoideae [Sabal Coccothrinax Cryosophila Sabinaria Acoelorrhaphe].

 

Ceroxyloideae [Ceroxylon, Ammandra]. 

 

Arecoideae [Synechanthus Roystonea Reinhardtia Asterogyne Calyptrogyne Welfia] | Aiphanes (▴26), Geonoma (▴17), Wettinia (▴14), Chamaedorea (▴11), Desmoncus (▴4), Phytelephas (▴2).

 

Commelinaceae [Cochliostemma].

 

Haemodoraceae: Xiphidium (▴1). 

 

Bromeliaceae [Barfussia Goudaea Jagrantia Josemannia Brewcaria Sequencia Greigia Ronnbergia] | Guzmania (▴80), Pitcairnia (▴61), Puya (▴36), Racinaea (▴19), Werauhia (▴14), Wallisia (▴?), Catopsis (▴2). 

 

Typhaceae [Sparganium]. 

 

Rapateaceae [Guacamaya]. 

 

Juncaceae [Distichia] | Luzula (▴2). 

 

Cyperaceae [Phylloscirpus] | Carex (▴4). 

 

Poaceae 

 

Bambusoideae [Aulonemiella Didymogonix Elytrostachys Otatea Maclurolyra] | Rhipidocladum (▴5).

 

Pooideae [Triniochloa Aciachne Anatherostippa Ortachne Brachypodium Koeleria Peyritischia Anthoxanthum Paramochloa Calamagrostis Podagrostis Agrostopoa Cinnastrum Alopecurus] | Festuca (▴29), Poa (▴10), Agrostis (▴6), Bromus (▴2), Phalaris (▴2), Cinnagrostis (▴?), Jarava (▴1). 

 

Panicoideae [Zeugites Ixyophora Setariopsis Zuloagaea] | Cenchrus (▴3).

 

Arundinoideae [Phragmites]. 

 

Danthonioideae: Cortaderia (▴5). 

 

Chloridioideae [Uniola Jouvea Disakisperma Leptothrium] | Muhlenbergia (▴11), Bouteloua (▴4).

 

Heliconiaceae: Heliconia (▴72).

 

Marantaceae [Pleiostachya]| Calathea (▴22), Ischnosiphon (▴1). 

 

Costaceae: Costus (▴12), Dimerocostus (▴1).

 

Zingiberaceae: Renealmia (▴13).

 

RANUNCULALES 

 

Berberidaceae: Berberis (▴27). 

 

Ranunculaceae [Thalictrum Halerpestes] | Ranunculus (▴8). 

 

PROTEALES 

 

Sabiaceae: Meliosma (▴19). 

 

Proteaceae: Panopsis (▴7). 

 

BUXALES 

 

Buxaceae [Buxus]. 

 

SUPEROSIDS 

 

Gunneraceae: Gunnera (▴23). 

 

Dilleniaceae: Neodillenia (▴1). 

 

Crassulaceae [Sedum] | Crassula (▴1). 

 

Vitaceae [Vitis].

 

ROSIDS

 

Zygophyllaceae [Guaiacum] | Kallstroemia (▴2), Gonopterodon (▴1). 

 

Polygalaceae: Monnina (▴25). 

 

Fabaceae [Prioria Brachycilyx Styphnolobium Myrospermum Uribea Orphanodendron Dalea Chapmannia Diphysa Piscidia Otholobium Pachyrhizus Cologania Oxyrrhynchus Phaseolus Caesalpinia Coulteria Haematoxylon Pseudosamanea Acaciella Sphinga Punjuba] | Lupinus (▴55), Brownea (▴15).

 

Rosaceae [Potentilla Holodiscus Hesperomeles] | Alchemilla (▴28), Rubus (▴14), Prunus (▴10), Acaena (▴4). 

 

Rhamnaceae [Araracuara Karwinskia Krugiodendron Sageretia] | Frangula (▴2), Ampelozizyophus (▴1). 

 

Ulmaceae: Ampelocera (▴2). 

 

Cannabaceae [Lozanella]. 

 

Moraceae [Morus]. 

 

Urticaceae [Roussselia] | Pilea (▴54), Cecropia (▴17), Phenax (▴6), Boehmeria (▴3), Urera (▴2), Urtica (▴2). 

 

Apodanthaceae: Pilostyles (▴1). 

 

Cucurbitaceae [Hanburia Doyerea Calycophysum] | Sycios (▴4). 

 

Celastraceae [Crossopetalum Myginda] | Maytenus (▴8), Celastrus (▴3). 

 

Oxalidaceae: Biophytum (▴12). 

 

Cunoniaceae: Weinmannia (▴30). 

 

Elaeocarpaceae [Vallea]. 

 

Rhizophoraceae: Cassipourea (▴2). 

 

Ochnaceae [Godoya Rhytidanthera]. 

 

Clusiaceae [Dystovomita] | Clusia (▴58), Arawakia (▴9). 

 

Calophyllaceae [Neotatea].

 

Hypericaceae: Hypericum (▴27). 

 

Elatinaceaea: Elatine (▴2). 

 

Malpighiaceae [Gaudichaudia Ectopopterys Malpighia]. 

 

Trigoniaceae [Isidodendrion]. 

 

Dichapetalaceae: Dichapetalum (▴2). 

 

Euphroniaceae: Euphronia (▴1). 

 

Chrysobalanaceae [Cordillera]. 

 

Violaceae [Fusispermum]| Viola (▴5). 

 

Passifloraceae: Passiflora (▴11).

Lacistemaceae: Lacistema (▴2). 

 

Salicaceae [Macrohassektia Neosprucea]. 

 

Phyllanthaceae [Croizatia Tacarcuna]. 

 

Linaceae: Rocheria (▴3). 

 

Euphorbiaceae [Dysopsis Argythamnia Garcia Acidocroton Hippomane Senefelderopsis]. 

 

Geraniaceae: Geranium (▴15). 

 

Lythraceaea [Pehria]. 

 

Onagraceae: Fuchsia (▴15). 

 

Vochysiaceae [Mahechadendron]. 

 

Myrtaceae [Pseudanamomis]. 

 

Melastomataceae [Centradeniastrum Tessmannianthus Kirkbridea Chalybea Axinaea Boyania Allomaieta Alloneuron Wurdastron Andesanthus Brachyotum Bucquetia Centradenia Chaetolepis Pilocosta Schwackaea Castratella] | Blakea (▴68), Meriania (▴37), Triolena (▴12), Monolena (▴8), Henriettea (▴2).

Staphylleaceae: Turpinia (▴1). 

 

Burseaceae: Dacryodes (▴12), Bursera (▴3). 

 

Anacardiaceae [Ochoteranaea Metopium Mosquitoxylum Toxicodendron Mauria]. 

 

Sapindaceae [Bilia Llagunoa Exothea]. 

 

Meliaceaea [Ruagea Schmardaea] | Carapa (▴4), Cedrela (▴2), Guarea (▴1). 

 

Rutaceae [Amyris Kubaria Naudinia Peltostigma] | Zanthoxylum (▴2). 

 

Simaroubaceae: Picrolemna (▴1). 

 

Mutingiaceae [Dicraspsidia]. 

 

Malvaceae [Goethalsia Trichospermum Mortoniodendron Pentaplaris Acaulimalva Anoda Bakeridesia Dendrosida Fuertesimalva Kearnmalvastrum Sidasodes Hampea Kosteletzkya Weclea Bernoulia Gyranthera] | Matisia (▴44), Herrania (▴12), Pachira (▴12), Quararibea (▴8), Spirotheca (▴3), Cavanillesia (▴1), Patonia (▴1), Theobroma (▴1). 

 

Tropaeolaceae: Tropaeolum (▴21). 

 

Caricaeae: Vasconcellea (▴4). 

 

Capparaceae [Belencita Calanthea Neocapparis Quadrella Steriphoma] | Capparidastrum (▴4), Morisonia (▴1).

 

Cleomaceae [Andinocleome Cochranella Podandrogyne Pterocleome].

 

Brassicaceae [Borealandia Cakile Cremolobus Descuirania Draba Exhalimalobus Pennelia] | Cardamine (▴4), Polypsecadium (▴1).

SANTALALES

 

Balanophoraceae [Corynaea].

 

Loranthaceae [Tristerix Aetanthus Maracanthus] | Oryctanthus (▴3), Phthirusa (▴1).

 

Santalaceae [Cervantesia] | Dendrophthora (▴20), Phoradendron (▴8).

 

Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia (▴2).

 

Plumbaginaceae: Plumbago (▴1).

 

Caryophyllaceae [Colobanthus Stellaria] | Arenaria (▴4), Drymaria (▴3), Cerastium (▴1).

 

Amaranthaceae [Pleuropetalon Atriplex Chenopodium Heterostachya] | Iresine (▴2).

 

Aizoaceae: Sesuvium (▴1). 

 

Phytolaccaeae: Phytolacca (▴5). 

 

Petiveriaceae: Hilleria (▴1). 

 

Nyctaginaceae [Boldoa Colignonia Cephalotomandra Allionia Commicarpus Mirabilis]. 

 

Basellaceae [Tournonia Ullucus] | Anredera (▴2). 

 

Talinaceae: Talinum (▴1).

 

Cactaceae [Austrocylindropuntia Cylindropuntia Mammilaria Acanthocereus Stenocereus Browningia] | Opuntia (▴5), Leuenbergeria (▴1), Epiphyllum (▴1). 

 

Loasaceae [Gronovia Nasa] | Mentzelia (▴1). 

 

Marcgraviaceae [Ruyschia] | Marcgraviastrum (▴6), Marcgravia (▴2), Souroubea (▴5), Schwartzia (▴2), Sarcopera (▴2). 

 

Tetrameristaceae [Pelliciera]. 

 

Lecythidaceae [Grias] | Gustavia (▴15).

 

Pentaphyllacaceae [Symplococarpon] | Freziera (▴26).

 

Sapotaceae: Sideroxylon (▴2).

 

Ebenaceae: Lissocarpa (▴2). 

 

Primulaceae [Hymenandra Bonellia Votschia] | Ardisia (▴32), Geissanthus (▴26), Clavija (▴14), Parathesis (▴10). 

 

Clethraceae [Purdieae] | Clethra (▴5). 

 

Ericaceae: 

 

non-Vaccinieae [Monotropa]| Bejaria (▴2), Gaultheria (▴2). 

 

Vaccinieae [Anthopterus Ceratostemma Diogenesia Gonocalyx Macleania Orthaea Plutarchia Semiramisia Themisthoclesia] | Cavendishia (▴67), Psammisia (▴46), Distergima (▴22), Thibaudia (▴16), Satyria (▴12), Sphyrospermum (▴7), Vaccinium (▴3).

 

Metteniusaceae [Metteniusa]. 

 

Rubiaceae

 

unplaced [Acrobotrys Didymochlamys Flexanthera Pseudohamelia]. 

 

Cinchonoideae [Cinchona Joosia Pimentelia Stilpnophyllum Rondeletia Erithalis Arachnothrix Pittoniotis] | Hoffmannia (▴18), Gonzalagunia (▴15), Hillia (▴5), Hamelia (▴5), Ladenbergia (▴5), Machaonia (▴2), Ciliosemina (▴1), Cosmibuena (▴1), Stenosotomum (▴1). 

 

Ixoroideae [Dioicodendron Dolichodelphys Hippotis Lintsermina Macbrideina Tammsia Wittmackanthus Stenosepala] | Pentagonia (▴17), Elaeagia (▴9), Randia (▴6), Macrocnemum (▴4), Agouticarpa (▴2), Bertiera (▴2), Schizocalyx (▴2), Sommera (▴2), Pogonopus (▴1), Posoqueria (▴1), Sipaneopsis (▴1), Warszewiczia (▴1). 

 

Rubioideae [Raritebe Lasianthus Arcytophyllum Ernodea Tobagoa Leptostigma Nertera Morinda] | Palicourea (▴133), Notopleura (▴46), Amphidasya (▴9), Schradera (▴9).

 

Gentianaceae [Zeltnera Lisianthus Lagenanthus Lehmaniella Purdiaeanthus Gentiana Gentianella Halenia] | Macrocarpaea (▴20), Symbolanthus (▴7).

 

Loganiaceae [Liesneria]. 

 

Apocynaceae [Vallesia Plumeria Anechites Echites Allomarkgrafia Pentascyphus Scyphostelma Athrostemma Lachnostoma] | Gonolobus (▴13), Prestonia (▴4), Funastrum (▴2), Lacmellea (▴1), Metastelma (▴1), Vailia (▴1).

 

Boraginaceae [Lithospermum Selkirkia Hackelia]. 

 

Heliotropiaceae: Heliotropium (▴3).

 

Ehretiaceae [Bourreria Lennoa Rochefortia].

 

Calceolariaceae: Calceolaria (▴22). 

 

Gesneriaceae [Rhynchoglossum Cremosperma Gasteranthus Reldia Cremospermopsis Resia Rhytidophyllum Achymenes Amalophyllon Gloxiniopsis Heppiela Kohleria Pearcea Alloplectus Alsobia Glossoloma Neomortonia Trychodrymonia] | Columnea (▴92), Besleria (▴37), Drymonia (▴30), Diastemma (▴6), Corytoplectus (▴4), Nautilocalyx (▴4), Monopyle (▴3). 

 

Plantaginaceae [Ourisia Schistophragma Russelia Maurandya Nuttalanthus Aragoa Sibthorpia]. 

 

Scrophulariaceae [Alonsoa]. 

 

Lamiaceae [Callicarpa Minthostachys Obtegomeria Catoferia Orthosiphon] | Aegiphila (▴19), Stachys (▴16), Scutellaria (▴10), Clinopodium (▴7), Lepechinia (▴6), Cornutia (▴2), Clerodendron (▴1). 

 

Orobanchaceae [Neobartsia Lamorouxia Pedicularis] | Castilleja (▴7), Escobedia (▴2) .

 

Schlegeliaceae [Exarata Gibsoniothamnus] | Schlegelia (▴8). 

 

Bignoniaceae [Romeroa Eccremocarpus Tourretia Delostoma Amphitecna Tecoma Parmentiera Roseodendron].

 

Acanthaceae [Cyphacanthus Neriacanthus Barleria Bravaisia Tetramerium] | Stenostephanus (▴28), Aphelandra (▴25), Mendoncia (▴19), Dicliptera (▴11), Pseduderanthemum (▴11), Sanchezia (▴5), Odontonema (▴1), Trichanthera (▴1). 

 

Verbenaceae: Duranta (▴7), Citharexylum (▴?).

 

Lentibulariaceae [Pinguincula]. 

 

Solanaceae [Browallia Doselia Merinthopodium Poortmannia Schultesianthus Trianaea Jaltomata Cuatresia Deprea Dunalia Saracha] | Cestrum (▴13), Lycianthes (▴5), Sessea (▴5), Witheringia (▴5), Markea (▴4), Hawkesiophyton (▴2), Juanulloa (▴2), Physalis (▴2). 

 

Stemonuaraceae: Discophora (▴1).

 

Campanulaceae [Burmeistera Diastatea Lisypomia] | Centropogon (▴85), Siphocampylus (▴33). 

 

Asteraceae: 

 

Barnadesioideae [Chuquiraga]. 

 

Mutisioideae: Jungia (▴4), Lycoseris (▴4), Mutisia (▴3), Onoseris (▴3).

 

Wunderlichioideae: Gongylolepis (▴1), Stenopadus (▴1). 

 

Cichorioideae [Dillandia erato Munnozia Oligactis Philoglossa Sampera Sinclaria Dipterocypsela Pseudopiptocarpha Josenathus Yariguianthus Spiracantha] | Critoniopsis (▴22), Liabum (▴10), Hieracium (▴8), Taraxacum (▴2).

 

Asteroideae:

 

Seneciodeae [Aequatorium Aetheolaena Arbelaezaster Cabreriella Culcitium Dorobaea Desslerothamnus Garcibarrigoa Gynoxys Lasiocephalus Monticalia Paragynoxys Rockhausenia Scobricaria Werneria] | Pentacalia (▴99), Pseudogynoxys (▴10).

 

Gnaphalieae [Antennaria Chyselium Jalcophila Mniodes Loricaria Raouliopsis] | Pseudognaphalium (▴5), Gnaphalium (▴2). 

 

Astereae/Hintehuberinae [Blakiella Diplostephium Floscaldasia Flosmutisia Hitenhubera Laestadia Linochilus Llerasia Oritrophium]. 

 

Astereae/Grangeinae [Plagiocheilus] | Egletes (▴3). 

 

Astereae/Baccharidinae [Archibaccharis]. 

 

Asterceae/Podocominae [Laennecia]. 

 

Astereae/Symphyotrichinae [Psilactis]. 

 

Astereae/Conyzinae [Erigeron]. 

 

Inuleae [Pseudoconyza]. 

 

Coreopsidinae [Coreopsis Dahlia Ericentrodea Heterosperma Hidalgoa]. 

 

Neurolaeneae [Neurolaena]. 

 

Tageteae: Tagetes (▴6).

 

Heliantheae/Ecliptinae [Eleutheranthera Monactis Oblivia Otopappus Oyedea Perymenium Steiractinia] | Clibadium (▴14), Elaphandra (▴4), Tilesia (▴1). 

 

Heliantheae/Helianthinae [Pappobolus Sclerocarpus] | Lagascea (▴1), Simsia (▴1). 

 

Heliantheae/Montanoinae [Montanoa]. 

 

Heliantheae/Spilanthinae [Oxycarpha]. 

 

Heliantheae/Verbesiinae: Verbesina (▴21). 

 

Heliantheae/Zinninae [Zinnia] | Heliopsis (▴1). 

 

Millerieae [Alepidocline Alloispermum Aphanactis Espeletia Milletia Sabazia Schistocarpha Sigesbeckia] | Smallanthus (▴2), Jaegeria (▴1).

 

Perityleae [Galeana, Villanova].

 

Eupatorieae/Crittoniinae [Aristeguietia Asplundianthus Badilloa Castanedia Corethamnium Critoniella Cronquistianthus Grosvenoria Tuberostylis] | Critonia (▴1).

 

Eupatorieae/Gyptidinae [Lourtegia].

 

Eupatorieae/Oxylobinae [Ageratina, Jaramilloa, Oxylobus].

 

Eupatorieae/Fleischmanninae: Fleischmannia (▴8).

 

Eupatorieae/Ageratinae [Phalacraea].

 

Eupatorieae/Ayapaninae [Condylidium, Gongrostylus, Lepidesmia, Polyanthina] | Ayapana (▴7).

 

Eupatorieae/Alomiinae [Condylopodium].

 

Eupatorieae/Hebecliinae: Bartlettina (▴2).

 

Eupatorieae/Neomirandeinae[Neomirandea].

 

Caprifoliaceae: Valeriana (▴9). 

 

Viburnaceae: Viburnum (▴17).

 

Araliaceae [Cephalopanax] | Oreopanax (▴54), Sciodaphyllum (▴49).

 

Apiaceae [Micropleura, Azorella, Oreomyrrhys, Osmorhiza, Arracacia, Cotopaxia, Donnellsmithia, Myrrhidendron, Neonelsonia, Niphogeton, Ottoa, Perissocoeleum, Sanicula].

MORPHOLOGICAL NOTES

38 notes about 161 Colombian plants (61 only for cushions or Calceolaria).

■ Pelliciera Triana & Planch. (Tetrameristaceae, Honduras to Colombia and Ecuador) is one strong remarkable high-lineage of mangroves absent in Brazil.

■ Colombia includes achlorophyllous in five unbrazilian genera and four high-achlorophyllous lineages: Corynaea, Monotropa, Bdallophytum, Lennoa and Mitrastemon.

■ two high-lineages in sea grasses (Thalassia testudinum Banks & Sol. ex K.D.Koenig and Syringodium filiforme Kütz) occur in Colombia, but non in Brazil.

■ Colombia includes two mycorrhizous-formation lineages absents in Brazil: Fagaceae (in Quercus humboldtiana Bonpl.) and Dipterocrpaceae (Pseudomonotes tropenbosii Lodoño, Alvarez & Morton.).

■ six unbrazilian myrmecophyte lineages occur in Colombia: Myrmecophila (2), Allomaitea (1), Blakea (4), Henriettea (1), Hoffmania (1), Besleria (1).

■ Ceroxylon quindiuense (Karst.) H.Wendl. (Colombia, Peru) is the tallest monocot worldwide.

■ three Tessmannianthus (Melastomataceae) grows more than 20m, one of them endemic to Colombia.

■ Aosa grandis (Standl.) R.H.Acuña & Weigend (Panama to Colombia) is the largest member of Loasaceae.

■ Aristolochia arborea Linden (Mexico to Colombia) is the most arborescent species of this genus (Angios Bergianska).

■ Begonia parviflora Poepp. & Endl. (Costa Rica to Bolivia, excludes Venezuela) is possibly the largest Begoniaceae in New World.

■ from nine Passiflora species with tree habit, eight are Colombian, including the six largests, and 4 endemics. None in Brazil.

■ annual herbs at Bignoniaceae does not occur in Brazil, but occur in Ecrremocarpus and Tourretia in Colombia.

■ two high-epiphytes lineages (Cochliostemma, Burmannia) occur in Colombia but non in Brazil.

■ Colombia includes Oxalis lotoides Kunth and O. medicaginea Kunth, the two unique lianoid Oxalis, both absents in Brazil.

■ among Brassicaceae, only three genera includes lianas, one in South Amrica, Cremobolus, with one sp. in Colombia, absent in Brazil.

■ Colombia includes (13:20/)38 spp. of true cushions.

■ succulent Crassulaceae in South America occur only in Sedum L., with 3 spp. in Colombia and none in Brazil.

■ xylopodia occur in Morella L. (Myricaceae), a unbrazilian Colombian genus.

■ Alloneuron from Colombia (3) and Peru has the unique Neotropical Melastomataceae with semicraspedodromic venation.

■ Chusquea spectabilis L.G.Clark (Poaceae, Venezuela to Ecuador) has the largest leaf on all grasses worldwide.

■ Passiflora macrophylla Spruce ex Mast. from Colombia and Ecuador has largest leaves in entire Passifloraceae, ranging up to 1m long (Hilgenhof, Sibbaldia, 2012).

■ Colombia includes the species with the largest leaves in their genera/families: Grias purpuripetala S.A. Mori & J. D. García-Gonz. (150-200 cm ✕ 42-75 cm, Lecythidaceae), Schlegelia dressleri A. Gentry (Schlegeliaceae), Guarea cartaguenya Cuatrec (Meliaceae), Iryanthera megistophylla A. C. Smith (Myristicaceae), Ilex sp. nov. (leaves 15-25 x ca. 10 cm, Aquifoliaceae), Protium amplum Cuatr. (Burseraceae), Macrolobium archeri Cowan (Fabaceae, also in Ecuador) and Psittacanthus gigas Kuijt (Loranthaceae, leaves 50-100 cm long).

■ Passiflora antioquiensis H.Kart., endemic to Colombia, has possibly the largest flowers of Passifloraceae.

■ cauliflorous Bignoniaceae in Crescentieae includes members of Amphitecna and Parmentiera, both Brazilian absents and with 4 spp. in Colombia.

■ Colombia has two high-epiphyllous unbrazilian lineages (Phylonoma ruscifolia Willd. ex Schultes. and Erythrochiton hypophyllanthus Planch. & Linden).

■ dioecious Melastomataceae occur only in Miconia, none in Brazil, 4 in Colombia.

■four genera (and family) lineages of spur-nectar plants are unbrazilian Colombian natives: Halenia Borkh. (12), Euphorbia tithymalodes L., Pinguincula L. (2) and Nuttalanthus subandinus (Diels) D.A.Sutton.

■ Calceolaria (23 spp. in Colombia) is the highest oil producer genus of angiosperms (only one sp. in Brazil).

■ high-merositier Tacarcuna amanoifolia Huft. from Colombia and Peru has the largest merosity in Phyllanthaceae.

■ the rare simple umbrella in Apiaceae includes Oreomyrrhis andicola (Kunth) Endl. ex Hook. f. (Costa Rica to Argentina).

■ in South America, only Xanthosoma (Araceae) has pollen in tetrads and monads; monads species occur only from Venezuela to Peru (two in Colombia, one endemic).

■ Attalea cutrecasana (Dugand) A.J.Hend., Galeano & R.Bernal, endemic to Colombia, has the third largest fruits among all Arecaceae.

■ Saccoglottis ovicarpa Cuatr. (Panama and Colombia) has the largest fruit of all Humiriaceae.

■ two species, one Compsoneura and one Iryanthera, both from Choco region in Colombia, has the largest fruits in their genera.

■ Zanthoxylum magnifructum Reynel (Colombia) has the largest fruits of any species in the genus in the New World (Reynel, Novon, 2020). 

■ Chionanthus megistocarpus (Oleaceae, Colombia) has largest fruits for this genus in the Neotropics (4.5–5 cm long; Fernández-Alonso, Phytotaxa, 2016).

■ Solanum sibundoyense (Bohs) Bohs (Solanaceae, Colombia) produces some of the largest fruits known in Cyphomandra clade (10cm ✕ 7cm, Bohs, Systematic Botany, 1988).

■ Bignonia magnifica W.Bull (Bignoniaceae, Panama to N Venezuela and Ecuador) is the longest Lamiid plastome described to date (Fonseca et al., PeerJ, 2022).