Showing posts with label Brazil. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Brazil. Show all posts

May 10, 2024

SOUTH AMERICAN UNBRAZILIAN ANGIOSPERMS: SYNDROMES

In this post, we will discuss the mold/ecological syndromes of angiosperms in South America, exclusively focusing on forms absent in Brazil, along with a note on the most diverse morphologically genera on the continent.

CLOSEST POINTS TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF 10 GENERA ABSENTS IN BRAZIL

ANGIOSPERMS SYNDROMES IN UNBRAZILIAN SOUTH AMERICAN PLANTS

In addition to some exceptions already mentioned above for certain genera or species that have a certain singularity in their genus or family, it is worth mentioning several important cases involving South America plants absents in Brazil. 
       
1. plant mimicry is something neglected in the literature, but it is worth mentioning Macrocentrum droseroides Triana from Venezuela and Guyana, a Drosera-like species of Melastomataceae (SEE). 
 
2. vivipary in Melastomataceae is reported in 4 genera worldwide; in New World only two species does not occur in Brazil, Macrocentrum minus Gleason and M. vestitum Sandwith, from Venezuela to French Guiana.
 
3. all DT's in New World occur in Brazil except members of BarbaceniopsisV. andina Ibisch, R.Vásquez & Nowicki endemic to Bolivia, Sporobolus atrovirens (Kunth) Kunth endemic to Mexico, Microchloa kunthii Desv. from Africa, tropical Asia and from U.S.A. to Argentina, Clinopodium giliesii (Benth.) Kuntze, endemic to Chile; and Blossfeldia liliputana Werderm., S Bolivia and N Argentina. 

4. fungi symbioticsin the Neotropics, several unrelated plant genera have independently evolved the ability to form ECM symbioses with fungi; brazilian absents includes Pakaraimaea Maguire & Ashton (Cistaceae), Pseudomonotes tropenbosii A.C.Londoño, E.Alvarez & Forero (Dipterocarpaceae), and Quercus L. (Fagaceae).

5. among geocarpy in New World, all species occur in Brazil except members of Okenia (Nyctaginaceae) and Amphicarpus (Poaceae) from North America, and 14 spp. of Arachis in South America. 

6. all lineages of mymercophyts plants in South America reaches in Brazil except MyrmecophilaAlexiaBesleriaMyrciaHoffmaniaAllomaieta, and Blakea. 
 
7. colored nectar occur documented in 70 spp. of angiosperms; in South America absent in Brazil includes Puya alpestris (Poepp.) Gay (Bromeliaceae), endemic to central Chile, with blue nectar; and Solanaceae C. pubescens Ruiz & Pav. from Ecuador to Bolivia, C. eximium Hunz. from Bolivia to Argentina (these three with yellow nectar), and in 9 spp. and 4 morphospecies of Jaltomata Schltdl. from Peru, one of them up to Bolivia (Dennis M. Hansen, Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc., 2007), all with red-to-orange nectars. 
 
8. all rubiaceous genera with pterophyllous calycophylls in South American Rubiaceae occur in Brazil except Cruckshanksia Hook. & Arn. (7, from Argentina and Chile) and Pteridocalyx (Guyana). 
 
9. among epiphylly, based on Dickson (The Botanic Review, 1978), as far as South America absent Brazilian taxa is concerned, Nototriche Turcz. (Malvaceae) has inflorescences at the junction of the petiole and the leaf blade; Phyllonoma Willd. ex Schultes (Phyllonomaceae, Venezuela to Peru) has inflorescences on the upper surface of the leaves; Erythrochiton hypophyllanthus Planch. (Rutaceae), endemic to Colombia, on the lower surface; in additon, by G. Mathieu et al. (Botanical Journal of Linnean Society, 2008), 12 spp. of Peperomia (Piperaceae) in South America (Colombia to Bolivia) has inflorescences at the junction of the petiole and the leaf blade.

10. of the 10 largest angiosperm seeds (Wikipedia), 5 are from palms absent in South America, two are from non-palms from East Asia (in Poaceae and Lauraceae), and 3 from South America: the 3rd and 8th in Mora (Fabaceae), respectively M. oleifera (Triana ex Hemsl.) Ducke from Central America to Ecuador, 18 cm  15 cm  8 cm, and M. excelsa Benth. from Venezuela and Guianas); and the 9th, Pelleciera rhizophorae Planch. & Triana, Tetrameristaceae, a mangrove from the Pacific (Costa Rica to Ecuador) and Atlantic (Nicaragua to Colombia) coasts of tropical America. Saccoglottis ovicarpa Cuatr. from Chocó region of W Colombia may be the largest-fruited Humiriaceae, as well two spp. of Compsoneura and also two spp. of Iryanthera of the same region, in their respective genera, both Myristicaceae (Gentry, Caldasia, 1986, pg. 12). Attalea cuatrecasasiana (Dugand) A.J.Hend., Galeano & R.Bernal (Arecaceae) has fruits up to 14 cm. long by 10 cm in diameter, they are the third largest seeds in the palm family after the double coconut (Lodoicea maldivica, Seychelles) and the coconut (Cocos nucifera, Paleotropics), and the largest in New World (Palmpedia).

Zanthoxylum magnifructum Reynel (Colombia) has the largest fruits of any species in the genus in the New World (Reynel, Novon, 2020). Chionanthus megistocarpus (Oleaceae, Colombia) has largest fruits for this genus in the Neotropics (4.5–5 cm long; Fernández-Alonso, Phytotaxa, 2016). Ternstroemia washikiatii Cornejo & C.Ulloa (Pentaphyllacaceae, Ecuador) the large leaves (21–33 × 8.5–11 cm), and the large fruits (4.5–5.5 × 6.5–7.7 cm) of this genus (Cornejo & Ulloa, Harvard Papers in Botany, 2016). Monteverdia multicostata Cornejo & Biral (Celastraceae, Ecuador) has the largest fruits in the genus (to 3.5 cm long, Cornejo & Biral, Phytotaxa, 2021). Solanum sibundoyense (Bohs) Bohs (Solanaceae, Colombia) produces some of the largest fruits known in Cyphomandra clade (10cm ✕ 7cm, Bohs, Systematic Botany, 1988).
 
11. populations of Polylepis tarapacana Phil. (Rosaceae, Bolivia and Cono Sur) near Nevado Sajama, Bolivia, grow at about 5,600 m in altitude, making the highest record of trees in the world, displacing records of Abies squamata Masters (Pinaceae) in SW China (How High Altitude Polylepis Trees Taste the Guinness World Records Wrong, 2016); Myrosmodes Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae) is the only genus of its family to grow in the swamps of the high Andes and was registered at about 5,100 m a.s.l., highest habitat known to support orchids in Earth (Trujillo et al., Lankesteriana, 2016). Barbaceniopsis boliviensis (Baker) L.B. Smith is the highest known site of Velloziaceae, growing at 2,900 m in Bolivian Andes (Ibsch et al., Systematic Botany, 2001). Ceroxylon parvifrons (Engel) H.Wendl grows at the highest elevations in the world for a member of Arecaceae: 3,500 m in Ecuador (F. Borchsenius & M. Moraes R., Botánica Económica de los Andes Centrales, 2006). Chusquea aristata Munro (Poaceae) from Colombia to Peru has the distinction of growing at altitudes up to 4,300 m in Ecuador, the highest known elevation for any bamboo (Judziewicz and Clark, Aliso, 2007). 
 
12. cauliflory is an unusual phenomenon among flowering plants that evolved multiple times during the history of angiosperms, mainly tropical, like South American non Brazilian Grias in Lecythidaceae, Latua in Solanaceae, and Crescentieae in Bignoniaceae. 
 
13. Puya raimondii Harms (Bromeliaceae) from mountains of Peru and Bolivia is the most massive inflorescence of the Earth, with 8-12m tall, and have a diameter of up to 2.4 metres; extra-large specimens can grow as tall as 15m; the inflorescence can bear approximately 8,000 small white flowers (Guinness World Records). Croton amentiformis Riina (Euphorbiaceae) from Ecuador and N Peru is unique in its great genus with pendulous and quite dense inflorescences (R. Riina et al., Webbia, 2015); simple umbrellas in South American genera absent in Brazil belong only to Oreomyrrhis Endl. Monocostus K. Schum. (Costaceae) endemic to rainforests of E Peru is the only axillary uniflorous species in his family (Neotropical Costaceae). 
 
14. the third species-to-species largest flower in the New World is possibly Victoria boliviana Magdalena & L.T.Sm (Nymphaeaceae), endemic to flood plains of the Llanos de Moxos, Mamoré watershed, E Bolivia, with a diameter of up to 36cm. Psittacanthus longiflorus Kuijt (Loranthaceae), known only from Amazonas in Peru has unusually long flowers (to 17 cm), the longest known for this genus (Kuijt, Novon, 2014). Passiflora antioquiensis H.Karts (Passifloraceae), endemic to Colombia, is possibly the largest flower of this family (observation of SDasee images). 
 
15. by Almeda & Dorr (PCAS, 2006), 37 spp. of Melastomataceae are dioecious, all in Miconia Ruiz & Pav., mainly from northern Andes, 25 from Ecuador to Bolivia, 3 of them up to Colombia, 3 endemics to Venezuela, 5 from Mexico and Central America and 3 in Caribbean, one up South America, another up Central America - none in Brazil. 
 
16. Rhytidanthera (Planch.) Tieghem from Colombia and Venezuela is the only genus of Ochnaceae with compound leaves (Reinales & Parra-O, BJLS, 2020). Despite being impressive for its large leaves, Pentagonia Benth. stands out for being the genus of the only species of Rubiaceae with normal, mature leaves are pinnately lobed to deeply pinnatifid. In the New World, occasional individuals of some species of Simira Aubl. may have pinnatifid leaves and a few species of Cruckshanksia Hook. & Arn. have leaves deeply and digitately 2 or 3 lobed (Hammel, Phytoneuron, 2015). 
 
17. the typical venation of Melastomataceae is absent in remarkable latifolious genus absent in Brazil: Alloneuron Pilg., exclusive from Colombia and (mainly in) Peru, with more specifically semicraspedodromous or mixed craspedodromous (Michelangely et al., Int. J. Plant Sciences, 2011). 
 
18. at pollinationRhynchotheca Ruiz & Pavon (Francoaceae) from Ecuador and N Peru may be the only anemophilous species of Geraniales (POWO | NTK). 
 
19. the presence of both monads and tetrads in the same genus is very rare; for instance, this feature occur, e.g., in extra-South American Typha L. (Typhaceae), Epilobium L. (Onagraceae) and Podophyllum L. (Berberidaceae), and in South American Xanthossoma (Araceae), where all species have pollen in tetrads except three spp. from Venezuela to Peru (X. paradoxum (Bogner & Mayo) Bogner, X. mariae Bogner & E. G. Gonç. and X. latestigmatum Bogner & E. G. Gonç.), who have pollen in monads. 
 
20. among odd fruits, of the 2,223 Myrtaceae of New World, only Metrosideros stipularis (Hook. & Arn.) Hook.f. from S Chile and Argentina has capsular fruits - and is also the only non-Myrteae (is a Metrosidereae) in the hemisphere (Lucas et al., Taxon, 2007; Pillon et al., Systematic Botany, 2015). Dactylocardamum Al-Shehbaz, endemic to mountains of Peru, is the unique in Brassicaceae in fruits axillary sandwiched imbricated leaves (Al-Shehbaz, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 1989). 
 
21. an immense diversity of plants in South America are highly toxic, and any detailing is beyond the scope of this text. However, one remarkable monotypic genera can be cited: Sarcotoxicum salicifolium (Griseb) X. Cornejo & H. H. Iltis (Capparaceae), from Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia, whose fruits are edible at maturity if properly cooked, but extremely poisonous when immature, or even dried (Cornejo, Harvard Pappers in Botany, 2009). 
 
22. Calceolaria L. (Calceolariaceae) from tropical America is among the largest oil-producing genera - nonvolatile, a very unusual floral reward that attracts particular solitary oil-collecting bees (Cosakov et al., American Journal of Botany, 2009). 
 
23. at longevity, the List of Superlative Trees: Oldest proposes the ten oldest trees, and the second on the list is a gymnosperm from Argentina and Chile (Fitzroya cupressoides Hook. f. ex Lindl., Cupressaceae), in a Chilean individual.

24. Grias L. (Lecythidaceae) possibly has the largest leaves of Ericales; all species have leaves more tham 1m long (NYGB), but only two have bigger leaves: G. angustipetala Cornejo & S.A. Mori (Ecuador) and G. purpuripetala S.A. Mori & J. D. García-Gonz. (Colombia). Bajo Calima (region of W Colombia) species with putatively the largest leaves known in the entire world for their families include Schlegelia dressleri A. Gentry (Schlegeliaceae), Psittacanthus gigas Kuijt (Loranthaceae, leaves 50-100 cm long), Moquilea gentryi Prance (Chrysobalanaceae), Guarea cartaguenya Cuatrec (Meliaceae), Iryanthera megistophylla A. C. Smith (Myristicaceae), Ilex sp. nov. (leaves 15-25 x ca. 10 cm, Aquifoliaceae), and possibly Protium amplum Cuatr. (Burseraceae) and Macrolobium archeri Cowan (Fabaceae, also in Ecuador) - Gentry (Caldasia, 1986); some of them species reaches also in Panamá and Ecuador. Chusquea spectabilis L.G.Clark (Poaceae) from Venezuela to Ecuador has leaf blades which can reach 3–4 m in length, the largest leaves known in the grass family (Judziewicz and Clark, Aliso, 2007). 
 
25. spurred (with nectar spur in flower) genera in South America absents in Brazil includes Halenia (Gentianaceae), Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae, only E. tithymaloides L.)Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) and Nuttalanthus (Plantaginaceae), by SAa (SEE). 
 
26. spiralate anther in a very rare features, cited by few groups; in South America but non in Brazil this feature occur in Centaurium J.Hill. (Gentianaceae), by Krapov. (Bonplandia, 2009). 
 
27. the only neotropical dimerous Lauraceae is Yasunia van der Werff (Lauraceae), from Ecuador and Peru (van der Werff & Nishida, Novon, 2010); Tacarcuna amanoifolia Huft. from Colombia and Peru has 14–19 stamens, among the highest number in Phyllanthaceae (Hoffman et al., Kew Bulletin, 2006). 

28. Only two several parasitic plants infect cactis, both Loranthaceae subtribe Ligariinae: Tristerix aphyllus (Miers ex DC.) Barlow & Wiens attacking Trichocereeus chiloensis (Colla) Britton & Rose in Chile, and Ligaria cuneifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Tiegh. on Corryocactus Britton & Rose in Peru (Mauseth et al., Cactus and Succulent Journal, 2006). Tristerix aphyllus also has the most derived parasite in Santalales, as a endophytic parasite on cacti, whose endophytic life history may allow the parasite to escape the hot and desiccating desert conditions; however, this species retain some chlorophyll, and in spite of these extreme advances toward parasitism, true holoparasites are absent in the order despites Balanophoraceae (Science Direct | Holoparasitic). 

29. several members of Amaryllidaceae-Alloideae from Chile, Bolivia and Argentina (Gilliesia Lindl. and Miersia Lindl.) has zygomorphic flowers, superficially some Orchidaceae, uncommon or absent in remaining family in continent (Rudall et al., Am. J. Bot., 2002). 

30. some South American plants have some extremely unique appearance peculiarities. Outside Brazil, one of the most notable is Telipogon diabolicus Kolan., Szlach. & Medina (Orchidaceae), endemic to the border between the departments of Putumayo and Nariño in S Colombia, due to its floral appearance that resembles the popular silhouette of a devil.


31. Bignonia magnifica W.Bull (Bignoniaceae, Panama to N Venezuela and Ecuador) is the longest Lamiid plastome described to date (Fonseca et al., PeerJ, 2022).

April 29, 2024

CASIQUIARE CHANNEL

The Casiquiare river is a distributary of 326 km of the upper Orinoco flowing southward into the Rio Negro, entirely in Venezuela, South America. As such, it forms a unique natural canal between the Orinoco and Amazon river systems. It is the world's largest river of the kind that links two major river systems, a so-called bifurcation. The area forms a water divide, more dramatically at regional flood stage (W). For more informations, see Laraque, A. et al. (PRE-PRINT, 2019).

CASIQUIARE INFORGRAPHIC WITH MAP AND IMAGES OF THE TWO EXTREME POINTS

The origin of the Casiquiare, at the River Orinoco, is 14 km below the mission of La Esmeralda at 3°8′18.5″N 65°52′42.5″W, and about 123 m above sea level. Its mouth at the Rio Negro, an affluent of the Amazon River, is near the town of San Carlos and is 91 metres above sea level (W)

April 28, 2024

What is the plant that grows tallest in Brazil

An interesting question that can be asked about Brazilian biodiversity is: what is the plant that grows tallest in Brazil? The answer is simple: the plants that grow at the top of Mount Neblina. Since Brazil's maximum altitude is only 2,995m, the mountaintop is still in a zone fully occupied by angiosperms. Part of the answer can be deduced with a photo of the extreme top, where it is possible to see the immediate vegetation formation, and presume which of these plants could be mentioned. Let's deduce some possibilities, in three photos obtained from the Internet, which portray the mountaintop.

A. in this photo, it is possible to infer that the angiosperms in Brazil that grow at higher altitudes are low, herbaceous plants that do not even reach the size of a shrub. There's not much more to say.

HERBACEOUS VEGETATION

B. in this photo, it is possible to see small rosettes, which suggest they are members of Poales, possibly Bromeliaceae, Cyperaceae, or Xyridaceae, with a low probability of being Poaceae.

POSSIBLY POALES

C. this third photo reinforces the possibility that the highest altitude plants in Brazil are Bromeliaceae.

POSSIBLY BROMELIACEAE

Most likely, the plants that grow at the highest altitudes in Brazil are Cyperaceae or Bromeliaceae.

February 25, 2024

RUSHMORE BRASILEIRO

Abaixo uma montagem bastante primitiva e 'tosca' do que poderia ser o 'Rushmore brasileiro'. Ela foi feita pondo o rosto de seis dos mais importantes bandeirantes brasileiros no maciço do Itatiaia, usando imagens disponíveis na Net e os softwares PhotoScape e PhotoFiltre Studio X.

EM ORDEM: MANUEL PRETO (?-1630), RAPOSO TAVARES (1598-1659), FERNÃO DIAS (1608-1681), MANUEL BORBA GATO (1649-1718), DOMINGOS JORGE VELHO (1641-1709) E ANHANGUERA (1672-1740)

O Monte Rushmore localiza-se em Keystone, no estado do Dakota do Sul, Estados Unidos, onde estão esculpidos os rostos de quatro Presidentes dos Estados Unidos: George Washington, o primeiro presidente dos EUA, Thomas Jefferson, autor da declaração da independência, Theodore Roosevelt, que conquistou maior conhecimento e liberdade de expressão, e Abraham Lincoln, que lutou pela paz do país durante toda a Guerra Civil. Ideia do pintor e escultor Gutzon Borglum, inicialmente era para ser feito apenas um busto, mas houve muita indecisão em relação a qual deveria ser construído; sua construção durou de 1927 a 1941 (Wikipedia).

January 18, 2024

PORTUGAL: THE 27th BRAZILIAN STATE

Brazilians represent approximately 25% of the foreign population in Portugal. Their legal status varies according to several and complex elements such as date of arrival and effective legalization processes available to them (1992, 1996, 2001, 2003), whether they are married to a national or they have Portuguese (or other European) ancestors, what their level of education and work experience is, etc.

1nd AND 2nd LARGEST SOURCE OF IMMIGRANTS TO PORTUGAL BY DISTRICT IN 2018 (REDDIT).
Therefore, many are legal residents, others have authorization to stay (autorizações de permanência), others, fewer, were able to legalized through the 2003 exceptional process and have working permits, and many others are still undocumented.

PORTUGAL MAP

January 17, 2024

BOUGAINVILLEA: THE BRAZILIAN QUEENS

Bougainvillea Comm. ex. Juss. (Nyctaginaceae) comprises 11 spp., 9 from Ecuador to S Agentina and Paraguay (5 of them up to Brazil), and two endemics to Brazil (SSAA). This genus is very important within the horticultural trade where the species B. glabra, B. spectabilis and many hybrids and cultivated varieties are widely commercialized as ornamentals for their long-lasting, colourful flower bracts. Although flower bracts of purple, pink or red colour are commonly seen, cultivars are now available in apricot, white, blue, yellow and orange (Cabi Digital Library).

DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF FLOWER SHADES OF CULTURED FORMS OF BOUGAINVILLEA SPECTABILIS WILLD.

Currently, both wild and cultivated forms of B. spectabilis Willd. are commercialized and have probably been introduced repeatedly across tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Apparently, the main difference between these two forms is that in the wild form flowers have simple bracts and produce reproductive structures while cultivars have flowers with multi-whorl bracts but are sterile. In this species, the cultivated varieties have been selected to have multi-whorl flowers, a type of floral abnormality in which some or all of the stamens in a flower are replaced by petals, and the carpel is replaced by sepals or petals. These cultivars with multi-whorl bracts have great ornamental and commercial value, but are sexually sterile (do not develop sexual organs) and must be propagated through cuttings (Cabi Digital Library).

SOME VARIEGATED PATTERNS ON LEAVES OF BOUGAINVILLEA SPECTABILIS WILLD.

January 15, 2024

FUNGI REALM

Impossible to accurately describe the fungi. A ubiquitous being in living creatures on the planet, with about 140,000 spp. described, but estimates of 2.2 to 3.8M (Wikipedia). In archaic publications and even in modern magazines, they are associated with plants, although they are much closer to animals. But in the modern web of life, fungi are a unique lineage among the 78 already listed of prokaryotes.

Yes, modern fungi, animals and plants are just three of the 78 lineages of eukaryotic life forms. The other 75 were formerly part of the Protista, with some formerly thought to be fungi, now thought to be independent.
PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF FUNGI; CLICK FOR FULL SIZE

In this post, we will not talk about fungi as a whole. For those who want to know super details of the evolution of this group, we recommend Ortiz & Gabaldón (PMC/2019). Here we discreetly list three types of fungi interesting from the perspective of Almanaque Z: the truffles (Tuber), the aquatic basidiomycota and the bioluminescent fungi.

PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF THE FUNGI THAT WILL BE DISCUSSED HERE

TUBER, TUBERACEAE, PEZIZIALES

Tuber P.Micheli ex F.H.Wigg., true 'truffles', is a genus in the Tuberaceae family of fungi, with estimated molecular dating to the end of the Jurassic period (156 Mya). It includes several species of truffles that are highly valued as delicacies. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (2008), this widespread genus contains 86 spp. In 2015 a new species T. petrophilum Milenković, P. Jovan., Grebenc, Ivančević & Marković, in Milenković, Grebenc, Marković & Ivančević was discovered in the Dinaric Alps (Southeastern Europe, Serbia). In 2016, two new species were discovered in introduced trees of pecans cultivated in Brazil but putatively native from North America, T. floridanum A. Grupe, Sulzbacher & M.E. Smith and T. brennemanii A. Grupe, Healy & M.E. Smith. (Wikipedia).

AGARICALES

Agaricales includes about 13,000 described mushrooms, and it includes all the mushrooms that we want to highlight here: the bioluminescent mushrooms and the aquatic mushrooms.

BIOLUMINESCENT

Worldwide, among the luminescent species, 125 species of mushroom-forming fungi have been recorded to date. These fungi represent five distinct lineages

Armillaria Armillaria species at Physalacriaceae (12 spp.), absents in South America.

Mycenoid ‣ 4-8 genera with bioluminescents, Mycena, Filoboletus (manipularis group), Panellus (Panellus/Dictyopanus species), Roridomyces, and Resinomycena (a single bioluminescent, exclusive from SE Brazil), all anchored in the family Mycenaceae. 17 luminescent species in Brazil (Soares, C.B. et al, Phytotaxa, 2024), three in Amazonia Complex.

Omphalotus ‣ (4/)12 bioluminescent spp. (Wikipedia), Neonothopanus (2) and Omphalotus (10, California to Texas and NW & N Mexico,  E U.S.A., SW South Africa, S China to Japan in E Asia, S Australia to Tasmania) plus Nothopanus eugrammus (Japan to Malaysia) and Pleurotus decipiens, only the former in N & NE Brazil (Neonothopanus gardneri), mainly in palms.

Lucentipes ‣ two species: Gerronema viridilucens, described in 2005 based on material collected from the bark of living Eugenia fluminensis O.Berg. trees in S São Paulo State in SE Brazil; and Mycena lucentipes Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani, knwoon from SE Brazil and Puerto Rico (Desjardin et al., Mycologia, 2005); both form an independent lineage of bioluminescent fungi with uncertain phylogenetic position at the family level.

Eoscyphella ‣ a single species, exclusive from Brazil, Eoscyphella luciurceolata Silva-Filho, Stevani & Desjardin, known from a bark of Solanum swartzianum in the Atlantic Rainforest, southern Brazil. Known only from the type locality (Silva-Filho et al., Journal of Fungi, 2023).

By IPBio (VER) there are 105 spp. in the world, 17 described 12 not yet described in Brazil, mostly in the Atlantic Forest, making the forest a global hotspot for this unique type of fungus.

SOME LIGHT MUSHROOMS FROM ATALNTIC FOREST OF BRAZIL

UNDERWATER

Basidiomycota that fruit in water include only Psathyrella aquatica J.L.Frank, Coffan, & Southworth, 2010 (Wikipedia), in family Psathyrellaceae, found only in the Rogue River in Oregon, USA. It was found by Southern Oregon University professor Robert Coffan in the Rogue River in the U.S. state of Oregon. Coffan and his colleagues, Darlene Southworth and Jonathan Frank, found the mushroom in 2005. The biology department at Southern Oregon University confirmed that the mushroom was a unique discovery. Once their research was published, it was named one of the most significant species discovered in 2010. They have so far been discovered in a 1 kilometer stretch of the river, and have an observed fruiting season of mid-June to late September. Many scientists were skeptical about describing this mushroom as a new species because of the hundreds of similar looking species in the Psathyrella family.

Psathyrella aquatica J.L.Frank, Coffan, & Southworth in situ, Oregon, U.S.A.

ECTOMYCORRHIZA

An ectomycorrhiza (ECM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont, or mycobiont, and the roots of various plant species. The mycobiont is often from the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, and more rarely from the Zygomycota, among 78-82 fungal lineages that comprise 251-256 genera (Tedersoo & Smith, Fungal Biology Reviews, 2013). Ectomycorrhizas form on the roots of around 2% of plant species,[1] usually woody plants, including species from the birch, dipterocarp, myrtle, beech, willow, pine and rose families (Wikipedia). Pseudotulostoma volvatum OK Mill. & TW Henkel has the first occurrence of an ectomycorrhizal Ascomycota fungus in a native host plant in Brazil, in white-sand forest composed of the canopy tree Aldina heterophylla Spruce ex Benth. (Fabaceae) in NE Amazonas state (Komura et al., Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2021).

September 29, 2023

NOTES ON FLORA OF PARAGUAY AND URUGUAY

According to the data provided by this blog, Paraguay and Uruguay have 63 genera of angiosperms absent in Brazil across 31 families, 30 of the genera only in Paraguay, 25 only in Uruguay and 8 in both. Furthermore, 4 of the families do not occur in Brazil: Montiaceae, Polemoniaceae, Frankeniaceae e Papaveraceae.

September 28, 2023

NOTES ON FLORA OF GUIANAS

The three Guyana countries together have 64 genera that do not occur in Brazil. None represent an absent family in Brazil; for very detailed maps off all most important sites of botanic collections in Guyana, see Hoffman (Smithsonian Plant Collection, 2014); endemic genera marked in bold.

GUYANA (51)Brasenia (Cabombaceae), Chlorocardium (Lauraceae), Jasarum (Araceae), Chaubardiella, Sievekingia, Gomphihis, Eloyella, Oliveriana, Teuscheria (Orchidaceae), Potarophyton, Windsorina (Rapateaceae), Rhynchocladium (Cyperaceae, GBIF), Lutheria (Bromeliaceae), Phragmites (Poaceae), Maburea (Erythropalaceae), Whittonia (Peridiscaceae), Ceratostema (Ericaceae), Chorisepalum, Enicostema, Rogersonanthus (Gentianaceae), Didymochlamys, Duidania, Etericius, Erithalis, MaguireothamnusPteridocalix, Wittmackanthus, Merumea (Rubiaceae), Christopheria, Lampadaria, Pagothyra, Roogeton, Kohleria, Crantzia (Gesneriaceae), Condylidium, Quelchia (Asteraceae), Pseudanamomis (Myrtaceae), Maguireanthus, Ochthephilus (GBIF), Boyania, Phainatha, Tryssophytum, Pterogastra (Melastomataceae), Loxopterigyum (Anacardiaceae), Pakaraimaea (Cistaceae), Guaiacum (Zygophyllaceae), Dystovomita, Thysanostemon (Clusiaceae, GBIF), Pibiria (Passifloraceae, SEE), Neosprucea (Salicaceae), Senefelderopsis (Euphorbiaceae).

SURINAME (16)Chlorocardium (Lauraceae), Teuscheria, Chamelophyton, Degranvillea, ChaubardiellaSievekingia (Orchidaceae), Lutheria (Bromeliaceae), Phragmites (Poaceae), Buxus (Buxaceae, GBIF), Chorisepalum (Gentianaceae), Kohleria, Lembocarpus, Pagothyra (Gesneriaceae), Megaskepasma (Acanthaceae), Loxopterigyum (Anacardiaceae), Guaiacum (Zygophyllaceae).

FRENCH GUIANA (19)Brasenia (Cabombacae), Asterogyne (Arecaceae), Chamelophyton, Degranvillea, Spiranthes, Chauberadiella, Sievekingia (Orchidaceae), Lutheria (Bromeliaceae), Phragmites (Poaceae), Garciemoriana (Apocynaceae), Christopheria, Cremersia, Pagothyra, Kohleria, Lembocarpus (Gesneriaceae), Russelia (Plantaginaceae), Loxopterigyum (Anacardiaceae), Amyris (Rutaceae), Hekkingia (Violaceae).

DISTRIBUTION OF SOME GUIANIAN GENERA ABSENTS IN BRAZIL

GUYANA/SURINAME (3)Chlorocardium (Lauraceae), Chorisepalum (Gentianaceae), Guaiacum (Zygophyllaceae).

GUYANA/FRENCH GUIANA (2 Brasenia (Cabombaceae), Christopheria (Gesneriaceae).

SURINAME/FRENCH GUIANA (3)ChamelophytonDegranvillea (Orchidaceae), Lembocarpus (Gesneriaceae).

GU/SR/FG (7)ChauberadiellaSievekingia (Orchidaceae), Lutheria (Bromeliaceae), Phragmites (Poaceae), Kohleria, Pagothyra (Gesneriaceae), Loxopterygium (Anacardiaceae).

September 20, 2023

MEXICAN ANIMALIA ✕ BRAZIL ✅

Mexico stands out as having one of the greatest biodiversity in the world, including animal radiation, being, among other things, a center of diversity for Diplopoda, scorpions, reptiles. Here we list the highlights of Mexican metazoan diversity in relation to Brazilian diversity, based on the Synopsis of Brazilian Animal Diversity text.

 Keys to Nearctic Fauna (BOOK), edited by James H. Thorp and D. Christopher Rogers, published in 2016, as KNF/2016.

 Keys to Neotropical and Antarctic Fauna (BOOK), edited by Cristina Damborenea, D. Christopher Rogers and James H. Thorp, published in 2020, as KNAF/2020.

In Syndermata, in both groups three main groups Brazil has more species than Mexico: Eurotatoria (Brazil 625 ✕ 402 Mexico/SEE), Acanthocephala (Brazil 72 ✕ 60 Mexico/SEE), just like Onychophora (Brazil 29 ✕ 3 Mexico/SEE), Tardigrada (Brazil 100 ✕ 55 Mexico/SEE), Cubozoa (Brazil 5 ✕ 3 Mexico), Scyphozoa (Brazil 22 ✕ 20 Mexico), Hydrozoa (Brazil 348 ✕ 266 Mexico) and Hirudina (Brazil 47 ✕ 31 Mexico/SEE).

Orthonectida, Micrognathozoa and Cycliophora are absents in Mexico and Brazil. Gnathostomulida has no species described in either Mexico or Brazil, but it certainly has to be described, due to the abundance of these animals throughout the world's oceans.

Equal number in Placozoa and Priapulida.

At marine, Mexico has many advantages: Gastropoda (Mexico 3,127 ✕ 1,837 Brazil), Actinopterigii (Mexico 1,952 ✕ 1,089 Brazil), Bivalvia (Mexico 1,202 ✕ 513 Brazil), Decapoda (Mexico 1,775 ✕ 1,003 Brazil), Ostracoda (Mexico 883 ✕ 365 Brazil), Polychaeta (Mexico 1,500 ✕ 1,196 Brazil), Echinodermata (Mexico 643 ✕ 347 Brazil), Polyplacophora (Mexico 159 ✕ 35 Brazil), Ctenophora (Mexico 33 ✕ 13 Brazil), Demospongieae (Mexico 498 ✕ 373 Brazil), Cephalopoda (Mexico 111 ✕ 92 Brazil) and Kinorrhyncha (Mexico 24 ✕ 8 Brazil).

No data for Mexican marine Porifera non Desmopongieae, Cnidaria/Anthozoa, Acoela, Gastrotricha, Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Bryozoa, Entoprocta, Brachiopoda, Priapulida, Branchiopoda, Maxillopoda, Malacostraca non Decapoda, Hemichordata and Tunicata.

Xenoturbellida, Dicyemida, Asymmetron, Remipedia, Monoplacophora and Petromyzontii are canonic lineages in Mexico absents in Brazil.


FRESHWATER LIFE

At freshwater, Mexico has many advantages: Gastropoda (Mexico 193 ✕ 117 Brazil) and Decapoda (Mexico 178 ✕ 99 Brazil).


NUMBER KEYS

(3:4/)5 spp., for example, indicates a group 5 spp. inside 4 genera within 3 families.

MEXICAN CAVE FAUNA

Data in this post follows Palacios Vargas & Reddell (Mundos Subterrâneos, 2013), which brings a Checklist of Mexican troglobionts, and Palacios Vargas & Reddell (Encyclopaedia Biospeologica México, 2015) which brings a text discussed and much commented on all the records of animals, troglomorphs or not, in caves in the countryour text excludes accidental or non-exclusive forms of caves, according to the terminology cited in Brazilian Cave Fauna (SEE). Excepting Arthropoda and Craniata, Mexico has only 20 troglobitics. Brazil has 43 (describeds and undescribeds).

Mexico has 529 spp. of true troglobitics/stygobitics in the following groups:

INVERTEBRATA NON ARTHROPODA

Porifera  ‣ a undescribed species.

Platyhelminthes ‣ six spp. in two genera, 4 Continenticola, two Cavernicola.

Annelida ‣ 5 spp. in three genera, one Errantia, two Oligochaeta, two Branchibdellida.

Gastropoda ‣ 9 spp. in 5 genera of three families.

OSTRACODA

Ostracoda ‣ 4, three genera of three families in two orders.

REMIPEDIA

Remipedia ‣ two, both in Xibalbanus.

MAXILLOPODA

Copepoda ‣ 12 spp. in 8 genera at 5 families.

MALACOSTRACA

Amphipoda ‣ 22 spp., two families, Bogidiellidae and Hadziidae.

Thermosbaenacea ‣ a single species, Tulumella unidens from Quintana Roo.

Mysida ‣ 7 spp. in three genera at 3 families.

Decapoda ‣ 27 spp.: 17 shrimps in six families, 5 crayfishes at Cambaridae, and 5 crabs in two families.

Isopoda ‣ 52 spp. in 11 families.

COLLEBOLA

Collembola ‣ 42 spp. in nine families.

INSECTA: 74 spp. 

Diplura ‣ 8, two Litocampa, two Juxtlacampa, one Oncinocampa and three Tachycampa.

Zygentoma ‣ 13 spp. in three genera.

Orthoptera ‣ six spp., all in Phalangospsidae.

Coleoptera ‣ 44 spp. in Carabidae (30), Dytiscidae (1), Histeridae (4), Leiodidae (8), and Ptinidae (1).

Hemiptera ‣ 3, all Fulguromorpha.

MYRIAPODA: 78 spp.

Diplopoda ‣ 73, in 15 families at six orders.

Chilopoda ‣ 5, two Lithobiidae, 3 in Newportia.

ARACHNIDA: 165 spp.

Trombidiformes ‣ 2 spp.

Pseudoscorpiona ‣ 40 spp. in 5 families.

Araneae ‣ 59 spp. in 11 families.

Opiliona ‣ 16 spp. in 4 families.

Amblypigy ‣ 11, all in Phrynidae.

Schizomida ‣ 23, 14 in Hubbardiidae, 9 in Protoschizomidae.

Ricinulei ‣ 11, all in Pseudocellus.

Scorpionida ‣ 13 spp. in 8 genera at 4 families.

CRANIATA

Actinopteri ‣ 12 spp. in six genera and 5 families at 5 orders.

Mexico no has described troglobitic in Nematoda, Nemertea, Onychophora, Mollusca Bivalvia, Bathynellacea, Spelaeogriphacea, Blattodea, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Pauropoda, Symphylla, Palpigrada, and Amphibia.

Several new records of crustaceans in center of Yucatan peninsula, see Dorottya Angyal et al. (ZooKeys, 2020).
LOCATION OF ALL GEOREFERENCIED CAVES OF MEXICO

TAXONOMY BY GROUP


1. PORIFERA ▸ Mexico includes 517 spp. of Demospongiae (SEE), Brazil only 373.
2. CTENOPHORA Mexico includes 33 Ctenophora (SEE), and only 13 in Brazil.

3. CNIDARIA ▸ the most notable taxon is the family Botrucnidiferidae (Botruanthus benedeni) from Galapagos, also in California and Baja California. Mexico has 289 spp. in following clades: Cubozoa (3 ✕ 5 Brazil), Scyphozoa (20 ✕ 22 Brazil) and Hydrozoa (266 ✕ 348 Brazil) overall (Conabio vol. 85, 2014).

So far, only 10 species of myxozoans have been reported in Mexico (SEE), three from marine habitats (Kudoa dianae, Myxobolus mexicanus, Myxidium coryphaenoidium) and seven from freshwater habitats (Myxobolus nuevoleonensis, Myxobolus cartilaginis, Myxidium zapotecus, Zschokkella guelaguetza, Ellipsomyxa papantla, Myxobolus zoqueusHenneguya exilis) and possibly 37 undescribed species (✕ 111 Brazil).

XENOCOELOMORPHA

4. XENACOELOMORPHA ▸ six worms belongs the single genus Xenoturbella (Wikipedia): four from coasts of California (1) and Gulf of California (3, NW Mexico) in Pacific Ocean (Rouse et al., Nature, 2016), one from coast of Japan (Nakano et al., BMC Evol Biol., 2017), and, by same reference, the type species, from waters of Sweden. Absent in Brazil; no relevant unbrazilian Mexican taxon in remaining groups.

GNATHIFERA

5. CHAETOGNATHA mentions of (2/)12 spp. in Baja California (SEE), (7/)14 in W portion of Gulf of Mexico on Mexican EEZ (SEE) and (7/)12 in Campeche bank (SEE). All species from Campeche Bank occur in W Gulf Mexico except Pterosagitta draco. Overall, (7/)14-27 sp. in Mexico, and 25 in Brazil.

PLATYTROCHOZOA

6. RHOMBOZOA/DICYEMIDA ▸ 112 spp. within three families and nine genera (Conocyemidae, Dicyemidae and Kantharellidae, Wiki), two in Mexico, Dicyemina shorti (Veracruz) and Dyciema guaycurense (Baja California Sur).

7. ANNELIDA ▸ the highest record of a freshwater non-Clitellata Annelida in world belongs Lycastoides alticola from Mexico, found at 2,150 m a.s.l. in Mexico (Conde-Vela, Subterranean Biology, 2017). Clitellate families Randiellida, Phreodrilidae, Lumbricidae and Sparganophilidae possibly occur in Mexico.

In Mexico also occur (6/)17 spp. of Branchiobdellida (one of 15 Clitellata orders, obligate ectosymbionts primarily associated with astacoidean crayfishes): Bdellodrilus (1), Cambarincola (9), Pterodrilus (1), Forbesodrilus (2, Mexico and Nicaragua), Oedipodrilus (1) and Sathodrilus (3), at Thorp & Rogers (BOOK, 2017).

Mexico includes (63:460/)1,500 spp. of former Polychaetes (Tovar-Hernández, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2014), and Brazil has 1,149.

8. MOLLUSCA ▸ 85,519 spp. (Molluscabase), the second most speciose invertebrate phyllum after Arthropoda (Wikipedia); seven living classes., three with notable members in Mexico absent in Brazil.

Mexico includes 4,643 marine molluscs (Castillo-Rodríguez, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2014), agaisnt fewer 3,000 in Brazil: 3,127 Gastropoda, 1,202 Bivalvia, 159 Polyplacophora, 111 Cephalopoda, 40 Scaphopoda, 3 Monoplacophora and a single Aplacophora.

Mexico contains (13:61/)193 spp. of freshwater Gastropods (Czaja, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2020), and Brazil only 117.

8.1 Class Gastropoda ‣ Mexico has more species than Brazil in the three main categories: marine (Mexico 3,127 ✕ 1,837 Brazil), freshwater (Mexico 13:193 ✕ 10:117 Brazil) and land (Mexico 47:1,184 ✕ 43:734 Brazil).
 
■ endemic families in Mexico: Enchynichidae. 
 
8.2 Class Bivalvia ‣ freshwater families in Mexico includes Unionidae and possibly Margaritiferidae (13 spp., Holarctic). Mexico includes 1,202 marine bivalvia, against only 513 in Brazil.

8.3 Class Monoplacophora a group absent in Brazil. Based on Waren & Gofas (Zoologica Scripta, 2005), Marshall (Molluscan Research, 2006), D. L. Ivanov & Moskalev (Ruthenica, 2007), Y. Kano et al. (Zoologica Scripta, 2012) and Schwabe (Zootaxa, 2008), we listed 32 spp. in 7 genera at 4 families (only two in New World). Largest diversities are New Zealand (2:2/6), Mexico (2:4/4), Azores region (1:1/4) and Peru (1:2/4).

Laevipilinidae

Laevipilina: L. antarctica (Antarctica), L. cachuchensis (off N Spain), L. hyalina (Washington to NW Baja California, Mexico), L. rolani (off N Spain), L. theresae (Antarctica).

Neopilinidae

Adenopilina: A. adenensis (Gulf of Aden).

Neopilina: N. bruuni (Peru/Chile), N. galatheae (Baja California in Mexico, Costa Rica, Chile), N. rebainsi (Falklands), N. starobogatovi (E Kamchatka, Russia), N. sp. unnamed (Peru-Chile). 
 
Veleropilina: V. brummeri (Mid-Atlantic Ridge), V. capulus (Chatham Rise, New Zealand), V. euglypta (Mid-Atlantic Ridge near Azores), V. goesi (Virgin Islands, Caribbean), V. oligotropha (north of Hawaii), V. reticulata (Cosica, Sardenha, S Italy), V. segonzaci (Mid-Atlantic Ridge), V. seisuimaruae (SE Honshu island, Japan), V. veleronis (Mexico, off W Baja California), V. zografi (off NE Azores).

Vema: V. bacescui (Peru-Chile), V. ewingi (Peru-Chile), V. levinae (submarine volcano off SW Mexico), V. occidua (NW New Zealand).

9. BRACHIOPODA ‣ following Brachiopoda Database (SEE), 404 living species in 121 genera at 31 families into 5 orders (TABLE) exists in this phylum, explaned below in three groups:

9.1 Linguliformea (SEE) ‣ six living genera in a single order, Glottidia (MAP) and Pelagodiscus (MAP) absents in Brazil and presents in Mexico. 
 
9.2 Rhynchonelliformea ‣ three orders: 
 
Order Rhynchonellida ‣ a group absent in Brazil, two genera in Mexico: Cryptopora (MAP) and Neorhynchia (MAP), one also in South America. 
 
Order Thecideida ‣ a group absent in Brazil, two genera in Mexico: Lacazella (MAP) and Minutella (MAP). 
 
Order Terebratullida ‣ Mexican genera absents in Brazil: Liothyrella (MAP), Abyssothyris (MAP), Terebratullina (MAP), Macandrevia (MAP).

9.3 Craniiformea (SEE) ‣ two Novocrania occur in Mexico (Robinson, Zootaxa, 2017), group absent in Brazil).

ECDYSOA

10. KINORHYNCHA ‣ 24 spp. in Mexico, 3 in Echonoderes (SEE), and only 8 in Brazil.

11. NEMATOMORPHA ‣ Gordionus (absent in Brazil) not occur in Mexico (KNAF/2020; KNF/2016).

12. LORICIFERA ‣ six specimens were found in southern Gulf of Mexico, including representatives of new species of Pliciloricus and Rugiloricus, an undescribed genus of Pliciloricidae and, possibly, an undescribed genus of Nanaloricidae (SEE). Only one sp. in Brazil.

13. PRIAPULIDA Priapulus occur in Mexico (SEE). Only one sp. in Brazil.

14. ARTHROPODA ▸ 17 classes, all classes in Mexico except Holothryda, one absent in Brazil, Remipedia.

Brazil has more species than Mexico in Protura (Brazil 2:10/25 ✕ 2:6/17 Mexico/SEE), Pycnogonida (Brazil 11:20/65 ✕ 10:19/58 Mexico/SEE), Cephalocarida, Mystacocarida, Ichthyostraca, Hexanauplia, Arachnida and Diplopoda.

Mexico leads in Symphyla (Mexico 2:5/15 ✕ 2:4/10 Brazil, inc. a remarkable endemic genus, Scopiella), Chilopoda (12:30/134 ✕ 12:67/162), Collembola (24:105-107/583 ✕ 21:107/457), Diplura (6:17/48 ✕ 4:11/31) and Ostracoda.

No data for Pauropoda (possibly only 4 genera in Mexico, SEE) and over Insecta in Mexico.

14.1 ARACNID CLASS ▸ 17 orders (Zhang. et al., Zootaxa, 2013), 16 in Brazil, 771 families, 12,260 genera and 111,762 spp., following data below. 
 
Brazil leads in Sarcoptiformes (Mexico 154:402/801 ✕ 139:456/1,120 Brazil), Trombidiformes (Brazil 73:433/1,435 ✕ 78:328/1,208 Mexico) and Pseudoscorpiona (Mexico 17:151 ✕ 16:173 Brazil), however with less genera and/or families. 
 
Brazil leads fully in Opilioacarididae (Brazil 4/11 ✕ 2/8 Mexico), Mesostigmata (Brazil 56:215/987 ✕ 50:158/507 Mexico), Araneae (Brazil 74:3,960 ✕ 66:534/2,295 Mexico), Amblypygy (Brazil 3:4/53 ✕ 1:3/17 Mexico), Opiliona (Brazil 19:304/1,008 ✕ 12:67/283 Mexico) and Palpigradi (Brazil 24 ✕ 20 Mexico). 
 
Mexico leads in Ixodida (Mexico 2:10/100 ✕ 2:9/70 Brazil), Scorpiona (Mexico 8:38/281 ✕ 422/162 Brazil), Ricinulei (Mexico 21 ✕ 13 Brazil), Schizomida (Mexico 10/35 ✕ 6/17 Brazil), Solifugae (Mexico 12/79 ✕ 6/15 Brazil) and Thelyphonida (Mexico 10 ✕ 8 Brazil).

IXODIDA ‣ Mexico has 30 spp. more than Brazil. 
 
TROMBIDIFORMES ‣ Mexico has 5 families more than Brazil. 
 
 MESOSTIGMATA
 
■ endemic families in Mexico: Costacarididae (1/1).

SARCOPTIFORMES ‣ Mexico has 15 families more than Brazil.

MEROSTOMATA ‣ this group is probably sister of Ricinulei within Arachnida, based on Ballesteros et al. (Mol. Biol. and Evol., 2022). Only 4 spp. living in a single order, Xiphosura, in a single family, Limulidae: Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (S and SE Asia), Limulus polyphemus (along the Atlantic coast of the United States and the SE Gulf of Mexico), Tachypleus gigas (the Indo-Pacific, Indonesian, Indian, S and SE Asia) and T. tridentatus (SE and E Asia); for very exact range of Asian species, see Vestbo et al. (Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018).
 
SCORPIONES Mexico has (8:38/)281 spp. (Santibáñez-Lápez et al., Toxins (Besel), 2016): 121 spp., 13 genera and 4 families ahead Brazil. Excluding Vaejovidae, these numbers are: -28 spp., -8 genera and 3 families.
 
Buthidae (92/1054, in Mexico 2/44), Hadruridae (2/9, in Mexico all genera and species), Chactidae (12/178, in Mexico only Nullibrotheas allenii, the only representative of family Chactidae in the Nearctic region), Diplocentridae (10/121, in Mexico 3/58), Euscorpiidae (4/51, Old World, Mexico and Guatemala, in Mexico 3/8), Superstitioniidae (1/1, Superstitionia donensis, endemic to southern Arizona and to the Baja California Peninsula), Typhlochactidae (4/11, all endemics to Mexico), and Vaejovidae (23/201, in Mexico 21/149). Bothriuridae (17/163, The Scorpion Files) occur from Peru to Argentina and Brazil except two up to Ecuador, Lisposoma and Brandbergia (Namibia) and Cercophonia (Australia). 
 
■ endemic families in Mexico: Typhlochactidae (4/10). 
 
PSEUDOSCORPIONES ‣ Mexican Neobisiidae, Menthidae and Stemophoridae absents in Brazil, which lead species against Mexico. 
 
ARANEAE ‣ there are three maing groups of spiders, Mesothelae from Japan to Sumatra; remaining two clades occur in New World.

Mygalomorpheae ‣ Mexican families absents in Brazil: Atypidae occur worldwide except South America and Australia; Euagridae occur in Africa, Australasia region to Malaysia, U.S.A. to Costa Rica, Taiwan, Central Asia, Argentina and Chile (two monotipic genera); Euctenizidae and Hexurellidae from U.S.A. to Mexico; Halonoproctidae is found in North and Central America, Australasia, Asia, southern Europe and North Africa, with one species is recorded from Venezuela in South America. 
 
Among Theraphosidae (163/1071), remarkable diversities are Brazil (47/202), Mexico (17/99) and Colombia (22/43). All Mexican species are Theraphosinae except Psalmopoeus victori Mendoza, 2014. Mexico includes the largest national endemic genera: Hemirrhagus (27) and Bonnetina (16). U.S.A. has 29 spp., all in Aplopelma.

Araneomorpheae Mexican families absents in Brazil: Archoleptonetidae (USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Panama), Cybaeidae (northern Hemisphere, Sumatra, Colombia, Venezuela and Peru), Homalonychidae and Myrmecicultoridae (U.S.A., Mexico), Hypochiidae (North America, Mexico and E Asia), Leptonetidae (US.A. to Panamá, Mediterranean region, E Asia), Liocranidae (Canada to Peru, Argentina, and widely Old World), Phrurolithidae (Canada to Mexico, Europe to Australia), Pimoidae (North America, Europe and Asia), Plectreuridae (U.S.A. to Central America and Cuba). 
 
Mexico has 61 families. 
 
OPILIONES no relevant unbrazilian Mexican taxon.

AMBLYPYGI ‣ Mexican remarkable taxa all in Phrynidae: Acanthophrynus (1, Mexico and U.S.A.); Paraphrynus (18, U.S.A. to Ecuador, mainly in Mexico); and Phrynus (28, U.S.A. to N Brazil (1) and one species in Africa).

SCHIZOMIDA ‣ (2:78/)300 spp. (SEE). Brazil has 6 genera (3 endemics) and 17 spp., all these endemics. 
 
Protoschizomidae ‣ two genera and 11 spp. restricted from Mexico and southern U.S.A. 
 
Schizomidae ‣ 76 genera (Wikipedia), 37 in New World; 32 are endemics to a single country inc. Mexico (9), one widey genus also in Mexico: Stenochrus (10, Florida and Mexico to Ecuador, Brazil, Caribbean and Europe, 6 endemics to Mexico). 
 
THELYPHONIDA just one Mexican genera as a highlight: Mastigoproctus (23, widely in tropical New World, 4 in Brazil, 10 in Mexico). 
 
PALPIGRADI ‣ remarkable Mexicans only in Eremobatidae (8/214), from S Canada to Honduras in Central America; all genera in U.S.A., one endemic, 7 up to Mexico, two up to Canada; Eremobates has 97 spp. 
 
RICINULEI ‣ only one genus in Mexico, these absent in Brazil: Pseudocellus, with 41 spp., 17 from Texas (1) to Panamá (2) and two in Cuba, mainly in Mexico (21) and Cuba (12). 
 
14.2. CHILOPODA CLASS ▸ 5 orders and (18:339/)c. 3,110 described species (Zhang, 2013). Outside Geophilomorpha, almost all families absents in Brazil are mutually disjunct in range. Brazil has (12:30/)134 spp. by CTFB. Mexico includes 180 spp. (SEE). Brazil full leads in Scutigeronorpha.

GEOPHILOMORPHA ‣ Cladistics, 2013; data at America Latina from Foddai et al., Amazoniana, 2000). (16/)57 spp. in Brazil, (28/)61 spp. in Mexico. Mecistocephalidae does not occur in Mexico, and Brazil full leads in Oryidae. 
 
Geophilidae (ca. 114/649) - Brazil has (8/)15 spp., Mexico (10/)32. Additionally, Brazil includes Plutogeophilus (SEE). Mexican advantages in four families.
 
Schendylidae (ca. 47/80) - (4/)35 spp. in Brazil, (8/)14 in Mexico. 
 
Gonibregmatidae (11/20) - three genera in America Latina, all endemics to Mexico (5). 
 
Himantariidae (ca. 19/ca. 70) - 10 spp. in America Latina, (6/)9 in Mexico (3 endemic genera) and Arcophilus gracilimus Verhoeff from Bolivia. 
 
ORDER LITHOBIOMORPHA ‣ only two families: 
 
Henicopidae - single genus in both Mexico and Brazil Lamyctes; besides L. coeculus and L. emarginatus, few species occur in New World, namely in Peru (7), U.S.A. (6, inc. Hawaii), Chile (6), Mexico (2), Bolivia (2), Caribbean (2), Argentina (1) and Brazil (1, L. adisi Zalesskaja, 1994). 
 
Lithobiidae (ca. 43/ca. 1,000). 
 
SCOLOPENDROMORPHA ‣ one Mexican family absent in Brazil: Plutoniumidae (2/7, North America, S Europe and China, Di et al., Zootaxa, 2010). Brazul full leads in other families except by two Cryptopidae genera in Mexico against only one in Brazil.
 
14.3 DIPLOPODA CLASS ▸ all six Brazilian orders occur in Mexico, which has another six. Brazil has (22:162/)541 spp. (CTFB). Mexico has (117/)498 spp. (BOOK). Brazil leads (isolated or tied) in Stemmiulida, Penicellata, Glomeridesmida, Siphonophorida and Spirostreptida.

NEW WORLD NON-BRAZIL ORDERS (6) 
 
CALLIPODIDA ‣ 7 families and 201 spp., two families in New World (Abracionidae and Schizopetalidae), both from U.S.A. to northern Mexico ((5/)7 spp.). 
 
CHORDEUMATIDA ‣ 1,237 spp. in 49 families, 12 in New World: 11 in U.S.A. (six endemics), two of them up to Canada, one up to Alaska and Siberia, Cleidogonidae up to Panama, Trichopetalidae up to Mexico, and Eudigonidae endemic to Chile in South America. (4/)52 spp. in Mexico. 
 
GLOMERIDA ‣ three families and 271 spp., all from southern Europe, Doderiidae up to Morocco, and Glomeridae also in SE Asia, and from California to Guatemala with (1/)12 spp. in Mexico. 
 
JULIDA ‣ 16 families and c. 1,321 spp., 7 only in Old World, 5 endemics to U.S.A., 3 from U.S.A./Canada and other areas in Old World, and Parajulidae from Siberia to Guatemala, unique in Neotropics; (7/)17 spp. in Mexico. 
 
PLATYDESMIDA ‣ two families and 69 spp., Andrognathidae in U.S.A., Mexico (1/1), China, Japan, Italy, Greece and Portugal; and Platydesmidae from Mexico (1/10) to Panamá.

SIPHONIULIDA ‣ order with only two species: Siphoniulus alba from E Sumatra island in Indonesia (known only two fragments), and S. neotropicus from S Mexico and Guatemala (Sierwald, Zool. Syst. Evol. Research, 2001). 
 
BRAZILIAN ORDERS 
 
POLYDESMIDA Mexico has one family more tham Brazil. 
 
POLYZONIIDA ‣ three families and 127 spp., Polizoniidae and Hirudisomatidae in northern Hemisphere (the latter up to Mexico), and Siphonotidae in South America, Africa, SE Asia and New Zealand, inc. Brazil (2/c. 2). In Mexico 2 spp. in 2 families.

SPIROBOLIDA ‣ 12 families and c. 1,248 spp., 9 in New World (7 in Mexico): 6 only from U.S.A. to Central America (Hoffmanobolidae and Typhlobolellidae endemics to Mexico and Floridobolidae endemic to U.S.A.), Spirobolidae from North America and Asia, and remaining two recorded for Brazil: Rhinocricidae and Spirobolellidae, both also in Mexico. 
 
■ endemic families in Mexico: Hoffmanobolidae (1/1), Typhlobolellidae (5/6).

14.4 OSTRACODA CLASS ▸ Brazil has (39:147/)365 spp. (CTFB). In the Mexican seas, 883 species have been reported, 506 for the Gulf of Mexico - Caribbean, and 418 for the Pacific Ocean, although 45% are probably synonymies (Bousquets et al., Conabio, 2000). 
 
14.5 MALACOSTRACA CLASS ▸ 18 orders, mainly shrimp-like organisms. Anaspidacea, Thermosbaenacea and Mictacea absents in Brazil, with Thermosbaenaceae in Mexico. Anaspidacea, Mictacea, Bochusaceae and Spelaeogriphacea absents in Mexico. 
 
Amphiodonaceae tied in both countries. 
 
Brazil leads in Cumacea, Mysida and Tanaidacea. 
 
Isopoda, Ingolfiellida, Amphipoda, Lophogastrida, Euphausiaceae, Bathynellaceae, Decapoda, Stomatopoda, Leptostraca uncertain comparation. 
 
DECAPODA ‣ two higher cladesMexico includes (115:537/)1,775 spp. of Decapoda, 1,597 marine and 178 freshwater (Álvarez et al., Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2014); Brazil has (98:419/)1,003 spp., 99 in freshwater and 904 in coast.

DENDROBRACHIATA ‣ Mexico has 37 spp. more tham Brazil.

STENOPODIDAE ‣ Mexico has one sp. more tham Brazil. 
 
PROCARIDOIDEA ‣ a single genus and family, Procaris, with 6 spp., from Mexico, Hawaii, Bermuda, Ascencion and Christmas Is. (Wikipedia). 
 
CARIDEA ‣ true shrimps; Mexico has 155 spp. and 20 genera more tham Brazil. Mexico has two genera and 6 more species in freshwater Atyidae, two genera and 5 more species in freshwater Palaemonidae, and one freshwater Alpheidae. 
 
■ endemic families in Mexico: Anchialocarididae (1/1).

ACHELATA and POLYCHELIDA 
 
Mexico has 3 genera and 7 more species than Brazil in these two groups
 
ASTACIDAE ‣ among freshwater crayfishes, two genera naturally occur in Mexico: Cambarellus (11) and Procambarus (45), both in Cambaridae.

AXIIDEA 
 
Mexican advantages in Axiidae (6/13 ✕ 5/7), Callianassidae (11/24 ✕ 7/12), Callianideidae (1/1 ✕ 0), Eiconaxiidae (1/4 ✕ 1/1), Gourretiidae (1/1 ✕ 0) and Strahlaxiidae (1/1 ✕ 0). 
 
GEBIIDEA 
 
Mexican advantages in Laomediidae (1/2 ✕ 1/1) and Upogebiidae (2/17 ✕ 2/10). 
 
ANOMURANS ‣ Mexico has one family, 24 genera and 159 more species than Brazil. Coenobitidae (c. 15) has two spp. in New World: Coenobita compressus H. Milne-Edwards from Pacific coast up to Chile (Wikipedia), and C. clypeatus Fabricius from Caribbean region, Colombia and Venezuela (Wikipedia), totally absent in Brazil (Lemaitre & Tavares, Zootaxa, 2015). 
 
BRACHYURA ‣ Mexico has two family, 66 genera and 334 more species than Brazil. Mexican advantage in Pseudotelphusidae: 16/67 ✕ 6/19, 9 endemic genera at this family. 
 
EUPHAUSIACEA ‣ 4 genera not occur in Brazil: Meganyctiphanes (northern Atlantic, SEE), Nyctiphanes (Pacific coast of North and South America, SW Africa Atlantic, northern Europe, southern Australia, SEE), Pseudeuphausia (Gibbons, 1999) and Tessarabrachion, all possibly in Mexico. 
 
THERMOSBAENACEA ‣ 4 families, 7 genera and 34 spp. (Wikipedia); primarily marine although only 5 of the species known are euhaline, living in lava tubes or in the interstices between submersed coarse sand grains, volcanic tephra or coral rubble (Balian, 2008). In New World occur only Halosbaena (5, Halosbaenidae, one in New World, from Venezuela and Curazao), Tulumella (a only genus in Tulumellidae, with two spp. from Bahamas and one in Mexico), Thetysbaena (Monodellidae, 23 spp., genus with 9 spp. from Spain to Somalia, 13 in Caribbean and one in Texas).

14.6 BRANCHIOPODA CLASS ▸ 4 orders.

ANOSTRACA ‣ (Mexico 20 ✕ 15 Brazil). Streptocephalidae (1/8 in Neotropics, all from Mexico and Caribbean) a Mexican family absent in Brazil. 
 
NOTOSTRACA ‣ only a single family, Triopsidae, with 15 spp. within two genera, Triops and Lepidurus (Zhang, 2013); both genera and two spp. in Neotropics, collected in Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina and Caribbean (Rogers, 2020). Absent in Brazil.

DIPLOSTRACA ‣ three suborders. Brazil leads/tied in Cladocera and Cyclestherida. In SpinicaudataMexico 11 ✕ 5 Brazil. 
 
LAEVICAUDATA ‣ (2/)7 spp. in Mexico (KNF/2016).
 
14.7 REMIPEDIA CLASS ▸ this class has eight families (all absents in Brazil), 12 genera and 28 spp. within a single order Nectiopoda; data below from Remipedia Database (SEE).

NECTIOPODA ‣ data mentioned above; all genera except Xibalbanus, Morlockia and Kumonga are endemic to Caribbean. 4 genera endemic to Bahamas (inc. the fully family Pleomothridae), 3 endemic to Turks y Caicos (and full Micropacteridae), Godzillius (Godzilliidae) in both areas, Speleonectes (Speleonectidae) in Bahamas and Cuba, Kumonga (and full Kumongidae) endemic to Australia, Xibalbanus (and full Xibalbanidae) from Mexico and Belize (3 and 1 spp., respectively), and Morlockia (single genus in Morlockidae) in Bahamas, Hispaniola and Canary Islands. 
 
14.8 COLLEMBOLA CLASS (Zhang. et al., Zootaxa, 2013) ▸ (33:763/)8,130 spp., (21:118/)457 spp. in Brazil, (24:105-107/)582 spp. in Mexico (Bousquets et al., Conabio, 2000). Mexican families Poduridae, Actaletidae, Coenaletidae and Tomoceridae does not occur in Brazil. Brazilian Sturmiidae does not occur in Mexico.

14.9 DIPLURA CLASS(4:11/)37 in Brazil, (6:17/)48 spp. in Mexico (Palácios-Vargas & García-Goméz, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2014), and U.S.A. has (7:23)170 spp.

Campodeoidea ‣ Campodeidae (58/491), widely, (4/)5 spp. in Brazil, (9/)33 in Mexico.

Japygoidea ‣ Evalljapygidae (5/47, 34 in western regions of North America inc. 10 in Mexico, and 12 spp. in South America) does not occur in Brazil, while Parajapygidae (4/66 spp., Parajapyx (55, 5 in Mexico) worldwide, Ectasjapyx (5, Central Africa), Miojapyx (1, U.S.A.), Lacandonajapyx (1, Mexico), Montejo-Cruz, Zootaxa, 2021, (1/)5 in Brazil) occur. 
 
Projapygoidea ‣ Anajapygidae (2/5, Holartic, Oriental, Neotropical, 2 in Mexico) absent in Brazil.

14.10 INSECTA CLASS ▸ 28 orders with 1,056,900 spp. along 1,197 families. 
 
Rhaphidioptera, a Mexican order, does not occur in Brazil. 
 
Brazil has more species than Mexico in Odonata (Brazil 15:809 ✕ 14:355 Mexico/SEE), Megaloptera (Brazil 2:4/23 ✕ 2:5/13 Mexico/SEE), Dermaptera (BR 145 ✕ 51 MX), Zoraptera (BR 6 ✕ 1 MX), Strepsiptera (Brazil 7:35 ✕ 4:16 Mexico) and Neuroptera (Brazil 10:432 ✕ 10:349 Mexico/SEE). 
 
Mexico leads in Lepidoptera (Brazil 14,234 ✕ 14,507 Mexico/SEE), Psocoptera (Mexico/SEE 37:105/766 ✕ 28:94/425 Brazil), Mecoptera (Mexico/SEE 2:5/47 ✕ 2:4/23 Brazil) and Siphonaptera (Mexico/SEE 8:51/172 ✕ 8:19/63 Brazil). 
 
No data for Zygentoma, Ephemeroptera, Mantodea, Embioptera, Phthiraptera, Strepsiptera, Trichoptera, Diptera and Thysanoptera.

ARCHAEOGNATHA ‣ Brazil (1:2/)25 ✕ (2: 9/)15 Mexico, being (5/)7 spp. in Machilidae and (4/)8 spp. in Meineterllidae (Placios-Vargas, BOOK, 2004). 
 
ORTHOPTERA (classification from Rafael, 2012) ‣ (19:735/)1,482 spp. in Brazil, c. (274/)920 spp. in Mexico (Insecta/MX). 
 
CAELIFERA ‣ MX: Tanaoceridae, Episactidae, Xyronotidae ✕ Romaleidae :BR. 
 
ENSIFERA ‣ MX: Myrmecophilidae, Rhaphidophoridae, Stenopelmatidae ✕ 0 :BR. 
 
■ endemic families in Mexico: Xyronotidae (Caelifera, 2/4). 
 
PHASMIDA ‣ Tinematidae (21) from Oregon to Baja California is the only Mexican family absent in Brazil.

PLECOPTERA (see Plecoptera Species File) ‣ (17:309/)3,788 spp. (Zhang et al., Zootaxa, 2013, Plecoptera Species File) in two suborders, both with only one family in Brazil (Rafael, 2012): Antarctoperlaria with Gripopterygidae (39) and Arctoperlaria with Perlidae (112) - 151 spp. overall in country. 8 families occur in Old World plus North America, six up to Mexico.

BLATTODEA ‣ 7,314 spp.: 
 
Nine of cockroaches, Mexican Cryptocercidae (1/12, North America, E Europe, Chian to Japan and Koreas in Asia, MAP) absent in Brazil. 
 
Nine of termites, Mexican Archotermopsidae (3/11, one genus in North America and two in E Asia) absent in Brazil. 
 
PSOCOPTERA ‣ Mexico wins Brazil in Psocoptera (Mexico/SEE 37:105/766 ✕ 28:94/425 Brazil).

HEMIPTERA ‣ Mexico includes two more Halobates: H. sobrinus and H. sericeus (MAP). 
 
HYMENOPTERA ‣ of the dozens of extant wasp families, only the family Vespidae contains eusocial species, exclusively in Vespinae and Polistinae (Wikipedia). Vespinae includes 4 genera (Wikipedia), mainly in Old World. In New World, natively, occur only Vespula (14 in region, 12 in U.S.A./Canada, six in Mexico [one endemic] and one in Guatemala [endemic]) and Dolichovespula (6) from Canada and U.S.A. (Kimsey & Carpenter, Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 2012 | Dvorak, Entomological Problems, 2006). 
 
COLEOPTERA ‣ Xenomorphon baranowskii (Lycidae) is the unique completely anelytrous and wingless adult male beetle, known only from S Mexico (Ferreira et al., Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2023).

MEGALOPTERA ‣ Mexico includes Platyneuromus (3, Mexico to Central America) and Neohermes (6, U.S.A. to Mexico). 
 
RAPHIDIOPTERA ‣ (2:33/)248 spp. in Raphidiidae (26/206 spp.) and Inocelliidae (7/42 spp.), by Foottit & Adler (vol. 2, 2009, pg. 638). In New World, they are found west of the Rocky Mountains, and range from southwest Canada to the Mexican-Guatemalan border, which is the farthest south they have been found in the western hemisphere (Wikipedia), with c. 30 spp. in region (Aspock, Acta Zool. Fennica, 1998). 
 
ORDER LEPIDOPTERA ‣ Danaus plexippus (monarch butterfly, Nymphalidae) executes the most incredible insect migration known, flying, in generations, more than 3,000 km from western North America to a mountainous region between the Mexican states of Jalisco and Mexico. However, it should be noted that its two congeneric species, D. epippus from South America and D. jamaicensis from the Caribbean, do not migrate. Not even all populations of D. plexippus migrate, and some more isolated groups migrate in a much more discreet way to other areas of North America (Wikipedia).

ORDER SIPHONAPTERA ‣ all Mexican families occur in Brazil except Hystrichopsyllidae. 
 
Ancistropsyllidae
Ceratophyllidae (1 ✕ 76 in Mexico)
Ischnopsyllidae (5 ✕ 10 in Mexico)
Leptopsyllidae (1 ✕ 3 in Mexico)
Xiphiopsyllidae

Chimaeropsyllidae
Coptopsyllidae
Ctenophthalmidae (5 ✕ 45 in Mexico)
Hystrichopsyllidae (8 in Mexico)
[Pygiopsyllidae]
Stephanocircidae (1)

[Malacopsyllidae]
Rhopalopsyllidae (35 ✕ 8 in Mexico)

Pulicidae (5 ✕ 20 in Mexico)
Tungidae (10 ✕ 4 in Mexico)
Vermipsylloidea
Vermipsyllidae

MECOPTERA ‣ in this order, Mexico leads (Mexico/SEE 2:5/47 ✕ 2:4/23 Brazil). 
 
DEUTEROSTOMIA

15. ECHINODERMATA ▸ currently, 643 spp. are known from Mexico, in Ophiuroidea (197 ✕ 153 Brazil), Asteroidea (185 ✕ 77 Brazil), Echinoidea (119 ✕ 52 Brazil), Holothuroidea (113 ✕ 49 Brazil) and Crinoidea (29 ✕ 16 Brazil), by Solís-Marín et al. (Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America, 2012).

16. HEMICHORDATA Rhabdopleurida (MAP), a Brazilian outsider taxa, does not occur in Mexico.

17. CEPHALOCHORDATA in Mexico three of the four species for the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Caribbean is registered, of which Branchiostoma caribaeum has the largest distributional area, from Veracruz coasts to the Yucatan Peninsula; B. longirostrum has been registered only on the west part of the Gulf of Mexico and Asymmetron lucayanum in front of the northeastern coast of Yucatan. Branchiostoma californiense is the only one registered on the Pacific coast of Mexico but it counts with a wider distribution (SEE).

18. TUNICATAno relevant unbrazilian Mexican taxon.

19. CRANIATA 15 Craniata lineages.

In marine fish, Brazil loses badly: it has only 1,254, in 21th position, against Australia (4,677), Japan (3,869), Indonesia (3,646), Philippines (3,123), Taiwan (2,756), Papua New Guinea (2,601), New Caledonia (2,345), Mexico (2,128), U.S.A. (2,111, Mongabay number minus contiguous statean freshwater fishes; freshwater Alaskian non deleted), South Africa (1,948), China (1,808), Vietnam (1,742), India (1,679), Palau (1,530), Mozambique (1,450), Thailand (1,407), Malaysia (1,366), Panama (1,255), Fiji (1,251) and Micronesia (1,229). Colombia has 1,220 spp.

Mexico has 34 endemic genera of freshwater fish (in 11 families), 15 of which are Goodeidae and 5 in Cyprinidae. Of the 313 spp. of freshwater fish endemic to Mexico, 44 ​​are Goodeidae, 25 Cyprinodontidae and 70 are Poeciliidae; remarkable are Chirstoma (23, Atherinopsidae) and Tetraplueurodon (2, Petromyzontidae).

For endemic marine fish, by Intreasures, we have only 102, against 161 for Mexico. 

Cladistii, Dipneustii, Coelacanthii and Rhynchocephalia does not ocur in Mexico.

19.1 MYXINE  Mexico (2/6) has three Eptratetus more than Brazil (3/5). 
 
19.2 PETROMYZONTII  Mexico includes 4 spp., Entosphenus tridentatus, Petromyzon marinus, and two Tetrapleurodon, the unique national endemic genus at this class. 
 
19.3 ELASMOBRANCHII  Mexico has nine marine spp. more than Brazil, inc. Heterodontiformes, sharks in a single family, a single genus and 8 spp. from the Indian and Pacific, two in Mexico, Heterodontus franciscii in California, Baja California and possibly Ecuador and Peru, and H. mexicanus from Mexico to Peru. 
 
19.4 HOLOCEPHALI  Mexico () has two spp. more than Brazil (3/3), in Hydrolagus.

19.5 ACTINOPTERIGII  (528/4,982)34,762 spp. (Catalogue of Fishes, in 04.06.22). 5 Mexican orders are absents in Brazil.

Acipenseriformes ▸ two families:

Polyodontidae ‣ diotypic family with very remarkable distribution: Polyodon spathula from the U.S.A. and Psephurus gladius from China, this extinct.

Acipenseridae ‣ 4 genera and 25 spp.: Acipenser (17, northern hemisphere reaching to the south the Mediterranean, Mexico and the valleys of central China, with accidental records in French Guiana), Huso (2, one in SE Europe and one in the Amur basin), Pseudoscaphyrhynchus (3, endemic to the extinct Aral Sea basin) and Scaphyrhynchus (3, U.S.A.). 3 spp. in Mexico.

Lepisosteiformes ▸ 7 spp. in two genera from North America (3 in Mexico, Atractosteus spatula, A. tropicus, Lepisosteus osseus), Central America and Caribbean. Brazilian fossils in PaleoZoo (SEE).

Salmoniformes composed exclusively by the family Salmonidae, with (11/)66 spp., Balcans to Korea and Canada to Mexico (3, all in Oncorhynchus).

Cypriniformes ▸ (6:321/)3,268 spp., two in New World, Catastomidae (78 spp., almost endemic to North America except species in Russia and China one each) and Cyprinidae (Old World and 286 spp. in 53 genera in New World (52 of them endemics) from Canada to south Mexico, Mayden, BOOK, 1991). 105 spp. in Mexico.

Gonorhynchiformes ▸ 4 families: Gonorynchidae (1/5, only G. gonorynchus cited for the New World, in Chile, rare in southern Atlantic, e.g., St. Helena), Phractolaemidae (1/1, Niger Delta and Malebopool and Zaire systems), Kneriidae (1/30, Africa) and Chanidae (1/1, Chanos chanos, tropical and subtropical Indian and Pacific, rare in eastern Pacific from southern California and Mexico to Peru). 

19.6 AMPHIBIA  Aurelio Ramírez-Bautista et al (ZooKeys, 2023) lists (16:58/)430 amphibians (300 endemics) in Mexico, being (11:37/)270 anurans (168 endemics), (4:19/)157 Urodela (131 endemics) and (1:2/)3 Gymnophiona (one endemic). 
 
All Urodela from southern Mexican Plateau are Bolitoglossines. Mexican diversity of Urodela (the second worldwide) is concentrated in Plethodontidae (15/139, 6 genera endemics), and the only exceptions are some Ambystomidae (17), a single Sirenidae and a single Salamandrideae. 
 
In the Mexico Brazil duel among endemic species we have Urodela with 133 4, Gymnophiona with 1 26 and Anura with 162 791. Mexico there are 9 endemic genera (3 in Hylidae and 6 in Plethodontidae), with the notable presence of Thorius (29).

19.7 SQUAMATA  (67:1,157/)11,469 spp. in nine high lineages (Repfocus). 37 families occur in New World, 25 in Mexico; endemic national families occur all in Amphisbaenia clade: U.S.A., Mexico and Cuba one endemic each. In all Brazilian families Brazil has the first diversity of genera in New World (shared or isolated) except Anguidae, Iguanidae and Liolaemidae and Serpentes. 
 
Brazil has the third largest diversity of Squamata worldwide (24:169/776), after Australia (1,020) and Mexico (897), and ahead Indonesia (764). Brazil has the fifth largest divesity in endemic Squamata (402), after Australia (997), Mexico (567), India (428), Madagascar (424), and ahead Indonesia (369), by Intreasures. In families, Brazil has 25 (inc. 9 in snakes, 1 in Amphisbaena), Mexico 26 (inc. 8 in snakes, 1 in Amphisbaena), Colombia 24 (inc. 9 in snakes, 1 in Amphisbaena), U.S.A only 11 (inc. 5 in snakes, one in Amphisbaena), by Repfocus. Among endemic genera in New World, Brazil has 39 (in seven families; 12 in snakes, all Colubridae), Mexico 17 (in six families; 14 in snakes, in 3 families), also by Repfocus. 
 
 
 
DIBAMIIDAE CLADE ‣ a single family. Dibamidae has one Anelytropsis from Mexico (SEE).
 
GEKKOTA CLADE ‣ Gekkonidae in non relevant in Mexico.

Eublepharidae  6/30, mainly Africa and Asia, but Coleonyx (8) from SW U.S.A. to Costa Rica, mainly in Mexico. 
 
Sphaerodactylidae  Mexico includes Sphaerodactylus. 
 
Phyllodactylidae  Mexico includes Phyllodactylus; largest diversities are Mexico (21), Peru (17), Ecuador (14) and Brazil (12).

SCINCOMORPHA CLADE ‣ four families, two only Old World; only one family in South America. 
 
Xanthusiidae ‣ three genera, Xantusia (14, SW North America and Baja California), Cricosaura (1, endemic to Cuba) and Lepidophyma (19, Mexico to Panama). 
 
Scincidae ‣ Mexico has (4/)37 spp. in three subfamilies (Marisora in Mabuyinae, Mesoscincus and Plestiodon in Scincinae, and Scincella in Sphenomorphinae). In New World the two largest diversities are Mexico (34) and Brazil (15, all Mabuyinae).
LACERTIFORMATA CLADE ‣ only one family: the Old World Lacertidae (39/300), a large lineage absent in New World. 
 
AMPHISBAENIA CLADE ‣ six families, two only in Old World: Blanidae (1/8, Europe, northern Africa) and Trogonophidae (North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and western Iran). All South American genera occur in Brazil. A single family in Mexico, endemic.
Bipedidae  only one genus, Bipes, with three spp., endemics to Mexico. 
 
ANGUIMORPHA three families absent in New World; both South American genera occur in Brazil.

Helodermatidae ‣ 5 spp. in Heloderma, from SW Nevada in U.S.A. to S Guatemala (2, one endemic), mainly along Pacific coast of Mexico (4, 2 endemics).

Xenosauridae ‣ 12 spp. in Xenosaurus, from center Mexico to center Guatemala.
Anguidae ‣ Mexico has the largest diversity worldwide (6/52), Brazil is the 9th (5, two endemics, SEE).

TEIFORMATA CLADE ‣ both families occur in South America. 74 genera, 48 in Brazil, 24 endemics.

Teiidae ‣ Brazil has the largest diversity of genera; however, the largest diversity of species are in Mexico (54) within two genera: Aspidoscelis and Holcosus.

IGUANIA Brazilian families Liolaemidae, Hoplocercidae, Tropiduridae, Polychrotidae and Leiosauridae are absents in Mexico. 
 
Phrynosomatidae ‣ 9 genera and 163 spp., 108 in Sceloporus; Canada to Panamá. 
 
Crotaphytidae ‣ two genera and 12 spp. from N Mexico and SW U.S.A. (SEE). 
 
Iguanidae ‣ nine genera highly diverse in Mexico (5/19), Central America and West Indies; 4 genera occur in South America, Amblyrhynchus and Conolophus endemic to Galapagos, and the Mesoamerican Ctenosaura with one species in Colombia; among Iguana, the single genus in Brazil, of the 4 spp. only Iguana iguana occur in South America.

Corytophanidae ‣ 3 genera and from Mexico to Ecuador and Venezuela; two genera (Basiliscus and Corytophanes) and 4 spp. occur in South America (SEE).
Dactyloidae ‣ 436 spp. in a single genus, Anolis; Brazil has only 18 spp., and only 5 endemics. Mexico has 55 spp. and Colombia has 77 spp., the largest diversity worldwide (SEE). 
 
SERPENTES ‣ Brazil has the second largest diversity of snakes worldwide (420), after Mexico (438, SEE); Brazil leads against Mexico in six families. Three remaining follows. 
 
Boidae  listed here due to endemic genus, Exiliboa. 
 
Loxocemidae  a single species, unique Pythonoid in New World, from Mexico to Costa Rica. 
 
Elapidae  Brazil leads in New World, with a single remarkable unbrazilian species, Hydrophis platurus L., known from California to NW Peru. 
 
Colubridae Brazil has 302 spp., second world diversity after Mexico with 323 (Repfocus). 5 groups, in four Mexico has advantage against Brazil.

○ SIBYNOPHIINAE · two genera, Sibynophis from SE Asia and Scaphiodontiphis in New World, from E Mexico to NW Colombia.

○ CARPOPHIINAE · Diadophis in Mexico. 
 
COLUBRIINAE · 93 genera, 42 genera in New World, mainly in U.S.A. (13, Cemophora endemic), Mexico (33, Conopsis, Geagras, Pseudoficimia, Sympholis endemics). Brazil has 12 genera, none endemics. 
 
NATRICIINAE · 37 genera worlwide, 10 genera in New World, six endemics to U.S.A., Nerodia, Storeria, Thamnophis all from Canadá to Central America, and Adelophis endemic to Mexico. 
 
37 Viperidae ▸ all vipers in New World are Crotaliinae, with 12 genera in region, nine in Mexico, the center of diversity of family (72, inc. two endemic genera); Brazil has 3th world diversity, with (4/)31 spp. (Repfocus). 
 
4 mexican genera reaches up to South America: the also Brazilian Bothrops (45, 2 in Caribbean, one widely in South America up to Mexico, and remaining 42 only South America, with 27 in Brazil - 13 endemics, and endemics also in Argentina, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela and Ecuador), Crotalus (51, 49 from Canada to Panama, one endemic to Venezuela, and the widely distributed South American restricted C. durissus), Porthidium (9, Mexico southward through Central America to Ecuador in the Pacific lowlands, northern Venezuela in the Atlantic lowlands - 3 in South America, no in Brazil) and Bothriechis (11, Mexico, through Central America to Colombia, western Venezuela, Ecuador and northern Peru, only one in South America, none in Brazil).

3 genera does not occur in Mexico: Atropoides (1, Central America), Bothrocophias (7, Colombia to Brazil; two spp. in Brazil, endemics in Ecuador and Colombia) and Lachesis (4, Costa Rica to Bolivia and C Brazil; only one sp. in Brazil, three in South America). 
 
19.8 TESTUDINES ‣ Brazil has the 3th diversity of turtles worldwide (17/35), equal number of Indonesia and Colombia, after U.S.A. (62) and Mexico (52) in species and land species (Repfocus). Two high clades. Brazil possibly has the seventh largest divesity in endemic Testudines, after U.S.A. (40), Australia (29), Mexico (22), Ecuador (14), China (11), Indonesia (10), by Intreasures. 
 
CRYPTODIRA ‣ 10 families: Platysternidae (SEE) not occur is New World; Tryonichidae (only Apalone in New World) and Dermatemydidae (monotypic from Mexico, Guatemala and Belize) occur from Canada to Central America but non in South America; two sea-turtle families - Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae, both in Brazil and 5 of 7 spp. breeds in coastal states (exceptions are Lepidochelys kempii breeding only in Veracruz state of Mexico and Natator depressus nesting only in northern Australia); and the five above: 
 
Kinosternidae ‣ 4 genera from Mexico, Sternotherus (2) up to Canada, Claudis (2) and Staurotypus (6) up to Central America and Kinosternon up to South America, with 21 spp., only three in South America, all in Colombia (one endemic), only K. scorpioides in Brazil. Mexico has 8 endemic species, all in Kinosternon. 
 
Geoemydidae ‣ 19 genera and c. 60 spp., only one genus occur in New World: Rhynochlemys, with 9 spp., 4 only in Mexico to Central America, two only from Venezuela to Ecuador, and three from Mexico to South America, inc. the single Brazilian member, R. punctularia. 
 
Testudinidae ‣ 18/c. 70 spp., only two genera in New World: Gopherus (5, Mexico and U.S.A.) and Chelinioides, with three spp. in mainland South America (two in Brazil) and 15 endemics to Galapagos Is. 
 
Chelydridae ‣ two genera and 7 spp., with Macrochelys endemic to U.S.A. and Chelydra from North America to Colombia and Ecuador in South America (only C. acutirostris in continent). 
 
Emydidae ‣ 10/53 spp. 8 genera occur only in U.S.A. and Mexico (with two endemic genera in U.S.A.), plus Emys (2; from Europe to Iran and Kazakhstan) and Trachemys, genus with 16 spp. mainly Mexico and U.S.A., also Caribbean, 4 spp. in South America, two in Colombia and Venezuela, one very disjunct in S Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, and one endemic to Maranhão and Piauí states in NE Brazil.

19.9 CROCODILYA ‣ three species in Mexico, Crocodylus moreletii (Mexico, Belize and Guatemala), C. acutus (coastal, Sinaloa to Ecuador, Veracruz to NE Venezuela, also Greater Caribbean, S Florida), and Caiman crocodylus (Mexico to C Brazil).

19.20 BIRDS ‣ in endemic genera, Brazil has 25 against 8 Mexicans, 3 Colombians and 11 Peruvians; with the exception of Passeriformes and Apodiformes, Brazil has 5 endemic genera (3 Psittaciformes, 1 Tinamiformes and 1 Piciformes), Colombia 1 (in Psittaciformes), Peru 1 (in Strigiformes) and Mexico 3 (in Galliformes, Psittaciformes and Trogoniformes, 1 each).

SPECIFIC DIVERSITY

Gaviidae, Oceanitidae and Gruidae no breeds in Mexico. 

Except Passeriformes, seven families breeds in Mexico but non in Brazil: 

Alcidae - 4 spp. breeds in Mexico: Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Synthliboramphus scrippsi, S. hypoleucus and S. craveri.

Phasianidae - two spp. of Maleagris. 

Diomedeidae - only Phoebastria immutabilis, breeding only in islands of NW Mexico, and in Hawaii. 

Hydrobatidae - 7 breeding species in Pacific coast of Mexico, 4 exclusively.

Pelecanidae - only Pelecanus occidentalis.

Pandionidae (1).

Phoenicoptridae (1).

Except Passeriformes, Brazil includes 8 breeding families which does not beeds in Mexico: Rheidae, Opistochomidae, Cariamidae, Anhimidae, Psophiidae, Steatornitidae, Rostratulidae and Capitonidae. 
 
Mexico leads against Brazil in Vireonidae (spp./sp.end.), Corvidae (g/spp./sp.end.), Alaudidae, Paridae, Aegithilidae, Remizidae, Ptiliogonatidae, Cinclidae, Regulidae, Sittidae, Rhodinocichlidae, Peucedramidae, Icteriidae, Spindalidae (these absents in Brazil), Hirundinidae (sp.end.), Turdidae (g/spp./sp.end.), Mimidae (g/spp./sp.end.), Polioptilidae (sp.end.), Troglodytidae (g/spp./sp.end.), Parulidae (g/spp./sp.end.) Passerellidae (g/spp./sp.end.), Fringillidae (g.) and Cardinalidae (g/spp./sp.end.).

At the species level in non-Passeriformes, Mexico has endemic species in 8 families in which Brazil does not have them: Odontophoridae, Apodidae, Momotidae, Falconidae and several seabirds: Hydrobatidae, Procellariidae, Laridae, Alcidae, and Brazil has 6 non-Mexican endemic species container (Anatidae, Accipitridae, Psophiidae, Galbulidae, Bucconidae, Capitonidae). 

19.21 MAMMALIA ‣ orders of mammals with Mexican highlights: 
 
Didelphiomorpha ‣ Mexico includes Tlacuatzin, a endemic genus with 5 spp. 
 
Chiroptera ‣ five families includes remarkable unbrazilian Mexican bats. 
 
Vespertilionidae - Mexico includes Lasionycteris, Antrozous, Baueru, Corynorhinus, Euderma, Idionycteris, Nycticeius, Pipistrellus absents in Brazil, and more species in Myotis and Rhogeessa. 
 
Molossidae - Mexico has one more species in Nyctinomops. 
 
Emballonuridae - Mexico includes a single genus absent in Brazil: Balantiopteryx (2). 
 
Mormoopidae - Mexico includes a single genus absent in Brazil: Mormoops (2). 
 
Phyllostomidae - Mexico includes Centurio, Enchisthenes, Macrotus, Choeronycteris, Hylonycteris, Leptonycteris, Musonycteris absents in Brazil, and more species in Glossophaga, Mimon and Dermanura. 
 
Ruminantia ‣ Mexico includes Cervus, Bison, Ovis, Antilocapra one each, and two more Odocoileus. 
 
Perissodactyla ‣ Mexico includes the massive Tapirus bairdii.

Carnivora ‣ Mexico includes 23 carnivorous absents in Brazil: Canis latrans, C. lupus, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Vulpes macrotis, Ursus americanus, U. arctos, Conepatus leuconotus, C. semistriatus, Mephitis macroura, M. mephitis, Spilogale (4), Enhydra lutris, Taxidea taxus, one Bassariscus, two Procyon, and four breeding Pinnipeds. 
 
Cetacea ‣ among Mysticeti, Mexico includes Eschrichtius robustus (Eschrichtiidae, family absent in Brazil) and a more Eubalaena; Balaenoptera edeni does not occur in Brazil. Among Odontoceti, Mexico includes Kogia (Kogiidae, 2), Indopacetus (1, Ziphiidae) Phocoenoides (1, Phocoenidae) as unbrazilian genera, and two more Mesoplodon and one more Delphinus and Sternella each. 
 
Rodentia ‣ Mexico includes Erethizon (1); Sciuridae: Glaucomys (1), Sciurus (12), Tamiasciurus (1), Ammospermophilus (4), Cynomys (2), Neotamias (4), and Spermophilus (10); radiation Castorimorpha: Castor (1); Geomyidae (6/19); Heteromyidae (4/41); Cricetidae (24/141), in Arvicolinae (2/8), Tylomyinae (4/6), Neotominae (12/98) and Sigmodontinae (6/27); Peromyscus includes 50 spp. in Mexico. 
 
Lagomorpha ‣ Mexico includes Romerolagus (1), a endemic genus, six Lepus and eight Sylvilagus. 
 
Eulipotyphla ‣ 16 Sorex, 14 Cryptops, 5 Notiosorex; Megasorex, Scalopus one each, and two Scapanus.