ANGIOSPERMS OF BRAZIL: A HABIT SYNOPSIS✅

UPDATE IN 29.09.2024

Brazil have around 33,379 spp. of described angiosperms, with over 18,000 endemics, showcasing an exceptional diversity of adaptation forms in soil, freshwater, coastal environments, and upon other plants. Here, we propose to classify the country's plant diversity into 50 categories of vegetative forms, based on extensive bibliographic research.

The vast majority of Brazil's angiosperm diversity fits into ordinary terrestrial forms of (1)tree, shrub, epiphytes, lianas, and herbs. Trees range from measly 2cm to 88m meters (Dinizia excelsa), exhibiting various patterns of branch architecture, leaves, barks, flowers (many cauliflorous, some flagelliflorous), and fruits; their leaves span from afilous species to Coccobola gigantifolia, with simple leaves reaching up to 3m in width. Similar patterns are observed with shrubs and herbs. Lianas, in turn, can be flexible, like in Cucurbitaceae and Convolvulaceae, and woody, like some Fabaceae. This category also includes a significant portion of terrestrial hemiparasites, as in Krameriaceae, Orobanchaceae, and Santalales.

Some variants of shrubs stand out: the (2)branching xilopodics, with underground organs, notable examples in Brazil like Anacardium, Jacaranda, and Stryphnodendron; the ultra rare (3)non-branching xilopodics, like Sinningia helioana, where leaves grow directly from the bulb; (4)caudiciforms, deriving from herbs but creating a woody base, like some Bulbostylis and many Cryptanthoids; (5)hyper-thorny, sometimes leafy, with extreme forms like Quiabentia, Colletia, and Discaria in Rhamnaceae; (6)cushions, sparsely represented in Brazil, with notable examples in Paepalanthus; (7)non-Cactaceae succulents, in Brazil represented by Portulaca, some Peperomia and Euphorbia; rare (8)spiny succulents non-Cactaceae, like Diosocorea basiclavicaulis; (9)ephedroid, sparsely represented in Brazil but identified in Polygonum, Orthosia, and some Spigelia; (10)dracenoid, with notable examples in Brazil being Vellozia and Cordyline; (11)ground rosettes, spiny or not, well represented in Brazil by many Bromeliaceae, Furcraea, Orectanthe, and Eryngium; (12)caulirosules, with the most notable example in Brazil being Prestelia and some Microlicia; and (13)phyllocladoids, like some Phyllanthus and Brasiliopuntia.

The most notable tree variants are the forms (14)cecropioids, well represented by Cecropia, and (15)mangrove species, which migrated to the partially saline environment on the coast, with representatives of Rhizophora, Conocarpus, Laguncularia, and Halairanthus in Brazil.

Some plants, between shrub and tree size, have assumed a (16)candelabriform non-cacti aspect, with leaves at the extreme branches, as seen in some Merianthera, Jatropha, some Caricaceae, Hyptis, Wunderlichia and Mimosa.

Among herbs, they can be as tiny as Lepuropetalum at 2cm in diameter to giants like Phenakospermum. Some creep in environments forming carpets, the (17)carpet-forming, like Raddiella, Micranthemum, Callisia, Elatine, and some Euphorbia and Pilea, some Convulvulaceae, Rubiaceae and Lycianthes. Others, in pre-marine environments, have assumed the (18)salicornioid habit, like Sarcocornia and Batis. Still near the sea, some have taken the (19)sesuvioid habit, like Sesuvium, Ammania, Rotala, Laurembergia, and some Gomphrena. Two other interesting categories of herbs are the (20)graminids, typical of Monocots like Tofieldiaceae, Juncaginaceae, Velloziaceae, Cyclanthaceae, Nartherciaceae, Typhaceae, Rapateaceae, Thurniaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Xyridaceae, Commelinaceae, and Haemodoraceae; the (21)juncoid aphyllous, as seen in Glaziophyton mirabile; and the (22)bulb-bearing, like Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Orchidaceae, Iridaceae, and at least a single Pitcairnia.

(23)Giant herbs may include members of Araceae, Taccaceae, Orchidaceae, Worsleya, Eriocaulaceae, Heliconiaceae, Strelitziaceae, Maranthaceae, Cannaceae, Zingiberaceae, Costaceae, Gunneraceae, Alstroemeriaceae, and Caricaceae; whereas (24)sacciform-leaved herbs only include Saccifolium bandeirae from Mount Neblina.

Among epiphytes/lianescent, four myriad forms stand out: (24)aerial parasites, strongly represented in Loranthaceae and Santalaceae; (25)hoyoids, growing adherent to the substrate, where in Brazil some Peperomia, Constantia, Monstera, Acianthera, Marcgravia, and Codonanthe can be mentioned; (26)pendulous, like some Rhipsalidae, Dichaea and Isochilus; (27)electric-grid epiphytes, like Tillandsia recurvata; (28)negatively growing lithophytes, like Tillandsia reclinata; (29)cacti-epiphyllous, like Hatiora and many Rhipsalis; (30)strangulating, like some Ficus and Spirotheca; and (31)tank epiphytes, like many Bromeliaceae.

Some notable types include plants that encompass more than one major group, like the (32)bambusoids, which include herbaceous forms (in Orchidaceae and Marantaceae) and woody forms (like true bamboos), the (33)palmoids, including shrub-like forms like Cyclanthaceae and many Arecaceae, and tree-like forms, like most Arecaceae; and the (34)odd leaf forms forms, as ericoid, passerine, microphyllous, quandrangular or worled leaves at the stem, widely present in Brazilian savannas, found in members of Myrcia, Spermacoceae, Declueuxia, Mandevilla, Sauvagesia, Ruehssia, Minaria, Hyptis, Lychnophorinae, Lucilia, Baccharis, Agrianthus, Catolesia, Hypericum, Heteropterys, Turnera, some Linum, Moninna, Senega, Chamaecrista, Cuphea, Cambessedesia, Microlicia, Marcetia, Microtea, Caryophyllaceae, Xerosiphon, Froelichiella, Ledothamnus, Declieuxia, Deianira, Calolisianthus, and Barjonia.

All the above plants are essentially terrestrial and amphibious. Many forms are aquatic, notably the (35)floating, like Nympheaceae, Lemnoideae, Pistia, Alismataceae, Phyllanthus fluitans, Ludwigia sedoides, and Nymphoides; the (36)submerged/aerial, like Cabombaceae, freshwater Hydrocharitaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Mayacaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Pontederiaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Ranunculus, Myriophyllum, Podostemaceae, Callitriche, Anamaria and Lilaeopsis; and the (37)sea grasses, in Hydrocharithaceae, Ruppiaceae, and Cymodoceaceae.

Cactaceae, with the exception of Pereskioideae, some forms in Opuntioideae, and epiphytic cacti, stand as separate types: (38)opuntioid, like Tacinga; (39)microglobular, like Frailea; (40)common cactoid, thin or thick, like Cereus and Facheroa; (41)macroglobular, like some Parodia, Melocactus, and Uebelmania; (42)branching, with very thin branches, like Harrisia and Arrojadoa; and (43)massive-diffuse, like some forms of Gymnocalycium.

Four carnivorous forms deserve mention as well: the (44)pitchers, like Heliamphora; the (45)droseroids, like Drosera; the (45)round subterranean-leaves, as in Philcoxia; and the (47)Lentibulariaceae, in the case of Utricularia and Genlisea.

All the above plants are photosynthetic. There are three types of non-photosynthetic: the (48)achlorophyllous terrestrials, like Prosopanche, many Burmaniaceae, Thismiaceae, Triuridaceae, Orchidaceae, Balanophoraceae, Voyria and Voyriella; the (49)aerial lianas, like Cassytha and Cuscuta; and the (50)isophasics, like Apodanthaceae.

CASIQUIARE CHANNEL

The Casiquiare river is a distributary of 326 km of the upper Orinoco flowing southward into the Rio Negro, entirely in Venezuela, South America. As such, it forms a unique natural canal between the Orinoco and Amazon river systems. It is the world's largest river of the kind that links two major river systems, a so-called bifurcation. The area forms a water divide, more dramatically at regional flood stage (W). For more informations, see Laraque, A. et al. (PRE-PRINT, 2019).

CASIQUIARE INFORGRAPHIC WITH MAP AND IMAGES OF THE TWO EXTREME POINTS

The origin of the Casiquiare, at the River Orinoco, is 14 km below the mission of La Esmeralda at 3°8′18.5″N 65°52′42.5″W, and about 123 m above sea level. Its mouth at the Rio Negro, an affluent of the Amazon River, is near the town of San Carlos and is 91 metres above sea level (W)

What is the plant that grows tallest in Brazil

An interesting question that can be asked about Brazilian biodiversity is: what is the plant that grows tallest in Brazil? The answer is simple: the plants that grow at the top of Mount Neblina. Since Brazil's maximum altitude is only 2,995m, the mountaintop is still in a zone fully occupied by angiosperms. Part of the answer can be deduced with a photo of the extreme top, where it is possible to see the immediate vegetation formation, and presume which of these plants could be mentioned. Let's deduce some possibilities, in three photos obtained from the Internet, which portray the mountaintop.

A. in this photo, it is possible to infer that the angiosperms in Brazil that grow at higher altitudes are low, herbaceous plants that do not even reach the size of a shrub. There's not much more to say.

HERBACEOUS VEGETATION

B. in this photo, it is possible to see small rosettes, which suggest they are members of Poales, possibly Bromeliaceae, Cyperaceae, or Xyridaceae, with a low probability of being Poaceae.

POSSIBLY POALES

C. this third photo reinforces the possibility that the highest altitude plants in Brazil are Bromeliaceae.

POSSIBLY BROMELIACEAE

Most likely, the plants that grow at the highest altitudes in Brazil are Cyperaceae or Bromeliaceae.

RUSHMORE BRASILEIRO

Abaixo uma montagem bastante primitiva e 'tosca' do que poderia ser o 'Rushmore brasileiro'. Ela foi feita pondo o rosto de seis dos mais importantes bandeirantes brasileiros no maciço do Itatiaia, usando imagens disponíveis na Net e os softwares PhotoScape e PhotoFiltre Studio X.

EM ORDEM: MANUEL PRETO (?-1630), RAPOSO TAVARES (1598-1659), FERNÃO DIAS (1608-1681), MANUEL BORBA GATO (1649-1718), DOMINGOS JORGE VELHO (1641-1709) E ANHANGUERA (1672-1740)

O Monte Rushmore localiza-se em Keystone, no estado do Dakota do Sul, Estados Unidos, onde estão esculpidos os rostos de quatro Presidentes dos Estados Unidos: George Washington, o primeiro presidente dos EUA, Thomas Jefferson, autor da declaração da independência, Theodore Roosevelt, que conquistou maior conhecimento e liberdade de expressão, e Abraham Lincoln, que lutou pela paz do país durante toda a Guerra Civil. Ideia do pintor e escultor Gutzon Borglum, inicialmente era para ser feito apenas um busto, mas houve muita indecisão em relação a qual deveria ser construído; sua construção durou de 1927 a 1941 (Wikipedia).

ROTAS BIOCEANICAS: DO BRASIL AO PACÍFICO

Rodovia Bioceanica

Ferrovia Bioceanica

PORTUGAL: THE 27th BRAZILIAN STATE

Brazilians represent approximately 25% of the foreign population in Portugal. Their legal status varies according to several and complex elements such as date of arrival and effective legalization processes available to them (1992, 1996, 2001, 2003), whether they are married to a national or they have Portuguese (or other European) ancestors, what their level of education and work experience is, etc.

1nd AND 2nd LARGEST SOURCE OF IMMIGRANTS TO PORTUGAL BY DISTRICT IN 2018 (REDDIT).

Therefore, many are legal residents, others have authorization to stay (autorizações de permanência), others, fewer, were able to legalized through the 2003 exceptional process and have working permits, and many others are still undocumented.

BOUGAINVILLEA: THE BRAZILIAN QUEENS

Bougainvillea Comm. ex. Juss. (Nyctaginaceae) comprises 11 spp., 9 from Ecuador to S Agentina and Paraguay (5 of them up to Brazil), and two endemics to Brazil (SSAA). This genus is very important within the horticultural trade where the species B. glabra, B. spectabilis and many hybrids and cultivated varieties are widely commercialized as ornamentals for their long-lasting, colourful flower bracts. Although flower bracts of purple, pink or red colour are commonly seen, cultivars are now available in apricot, white, blue, yellow and orange (Cabi Digital Library).

DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF FLOWER SHADES OF CULTURED FORMS OF BOUGAINVILLEA SPECTABILIS WILLD.

Currently, both wild and cultivated forms of B. spectabilis Willd. are commercialized and have probably been introduced repeatedly across tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Apparently, the main difference between these two forms is that in the wild form flowers have simple bracts and produce reproductive structures while cultivars have flowers with multi-whorl bracts but are sterile. In this species, the cultivated varieties have been selected to have multi-whorl flowers, a type of floral abnormality in which some or all of the stamens in a flower are replaced by petals, and the carpel is replaced by sepals or petals. These cultivars with multi-whorl bracts have great ornamental and commercial value, but are sexually sterile (do not develop sexual organs) and must be propagated through cuttings (Cabi Digital Library).

SOME VARIEGATED PATTERNS ON LEAVES OF BOUGAINVILLEA SPECTABILIS WILLD.

FUNGI REALM

Impossible to accurately describe the fungi. A ubiquitous being in living creatures on the planet, with about 140,000 spp. described, but estimates of 2.2 to 3.8M (Wikipedia). In archaic publications and even in modern magazines, they are associated with plants, although they are much closer to animals. But in the modern web of life, fungi are a unique lineage among the 78 already listed of prokaryotes.

Yes, modern fungi, animals and plants are just three of the 78 lineages of eukaryotic life forms. The other 75 were formerly part of the Protista, with some formerly thought to be fungi, now thought to be independent.

PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF FUNGI; CLICK FOR FULL SIZE

In this post, we will not talk about fungi as a whole. For those who want to know super details of the evolution of this group, we recommend Ortiz & Gabaldón (PMC/2019). Here we discreetly list three types of fungi interesting from the perspective of Almanaque Z: the truffles (Tuber), the aquatic basidiomycota and the bioluminescent fungi.

PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF THE FUNGI THAT WILL BE DISCUSSED HERE

TUBER, TUBERACEAE, PEZIZIALES

Tuber P.Micheli ex F.H.Wigg., true 'truffles', is a genus in the Tuberaceae family of fungi, with estimated molecular dating to the end of the Jurassic period (156 Mya). It includes several species of truffles that are highly valued as delicacies. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (2008), this widespread genus contains 86 spp. In 2015 a new species T. petrophilum Milenković, P. Jovan., Grebenc, Ivančević & Marković, in Milenković, Grebenc, Marković & Ivančević was discovered in the Dinaric Alps (Southeastern Europe, Serbia). In 2016, two new species were discovered in introduced trees of pecans cultivated in Brazil but putatively native from North America, T. floridanum A. Grupe, Sulzbacher & M.E. Smith and T. brennemanii A. Grupe, Healy & M.E. Smith. (Wikipedia).

AGARICALES

Agaricales includes about 13,000 described mushrooms, and it includes all the mushrooms that we want to highlight here: the bioluminescent mushrooms and the aquatic mushrooms.

BIOLUMINESCENT

Worldwide, among the luminescent species, 125 species of mushroom-forming fungi have been recorded to date. These fungi represent five distinct lineages

Armillaria ‣ Armillaria species at Physalacriaceae (12 spp.), absents in South America.

Mycenoid ‣ 4-8 genera with bioluminescents, Mycena, Filoboletus (manipularis group), Panellus (Panellus/Dictyopanus species), Roridomyces, and Resinomycena (a single bioluminescent, exclusive from SE Brazil), all anchored in the family Mycenaceae. 17 luminescent species in Brazil (Soares, C.B. et al, Phytotaxa, 2024), three in Amazonia Complex.

Omphalotus ‣ (4/)12 bioluminescent spp. (Wikipedia), Neonothopanus (2) and Omphalotus (10, California to Texas and NW & N Mexico,  E U.S.A., SW South Africa, S China to Japan in E Asia, S Australia to Tasmania) plus Nothopanus eugrammus (Japan to Malaysia) and Pleurotus decipiens, only the former in N & NE Brazil (Neonothopanus gardneri), mainly in palms.

Lucentipes ‣ two species: Gerronema viridilucens, described in 2005 based on material collected from the bark of living Eugenia fluminensis O.Berg. trees in S São Paulo State in SE Brazil; and Mycena lucentipes Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani, knwoon from SE Brazil and Puerto Rico (Desjardin et al., Mycologia, 2005); both form an independent lineage of bioluminescent fungi with uncertain phylogenetic position at the family level.

Eoscyphella ‣ a single species, exclusive from Brazil, Eoscyphella luciurceolata Silva-Filho, Stevani & Desjardin, known from a bark of Solanum swartzianum in the Atlantic Rainforest, southern Brazil. Known only from the type locality (Silva-Filho et al., Journal of Fungi, 2023).

By IPBio (VER) there are 105 spp. in the world, 17 described 12 not yet described in Brazil, mostly in the Atlantic Forest, making the forest a global hotspot for this unique type of fungus.

SOME LIGHT MUSHROOMS FROM ATALNTIC FOREST OF BRAZIL

UNDERWATER

Basidiomycota that fruit in water include only Psathyrella aquatica J.L.Frank, Coffan, & Southworth, 2010 (Wikipedia), in family Psathyrellaceae, found only in the Rogue River in Oregon, USA. It was found by Southern Oregon University professor Robert Coffan in the Rogue River in the U.S. state of Oregon. Coffan and his colleagues, Darlene Southworth and Jonathan Frank, found the mushroom in 2005. The biology department at Southern Oregon University confirmed that the mushroom was a unique discovery. Once their research was published, it was named one of the most significant species discovered in 2010. They have so far been discovered in a 1 kilometer stretch of the river, and have an observed fruiting season of mid-June to late September. Many scientists were skeptical about describing this mushroom as a new species because of the hundreds of similar looking species in the Psathyrella family.

Psathyrella aquatica J.L.Frank, Coffan, & Southworth in situ, Oregon, U.S.A.

ECTOMYCORRHIZA

An ectomycorrhiza (ECM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont, or mycobiont, and the roots of various plant species. The mycobiont is often from the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, and more rarely from the Zygomycota, among 78-82 fungal lineages that comprise 251-256 genera (Tedersoo & Smith, Fungal Biology Reviews, 2013). Ectomycorrhizas form on the roots of around 2% of plant species,[1] usually woody plants, including species from the birch, dipterocarp, myrtle, beech, willow, pine and rose families (Wikipedia). Pseudotulostoma volvatum OK Mill. & TW Henkel has the first occurrence of an ectomycorrhizal Ascomycota fungus in a native host plant in Brazil, in white-sand forest composed of the canopy tree Aldina heterophylla Spruce ex Benth. (Fabaceae) in NE Amazonas state (Komura et al., Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2021).

BRICS, 2023

Dada a importância geopolítica e econômica desse conjunto de nações emergentes, diversos países manifestaram interesse em se unir ao BRICS (Rússia, China, Brasil, Índia, África do Sul) ao longo do tempo. Contudo, há a carência de uma única fonte que ofereça uma lista completa de aspirantes a membros em língua portuguesa, resultando em  informações fragmentadas. Nesse contexto, listamos aqui as nações que expressaram interesse em aderir ao BRICS, em meados da cúpula de 22 de agosto de 2022, na África do Sul.

CANDIDATOS COM SOLITAÇÃO FORMALIZADA: Arábia Saudita, Argélia, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bahrein, Belarus, Bolívia, Cazaquistão, Cuba, Egito, Emirados Árabes Unidos, Etiópia, Guiné Equatorial, Honduras, Indonésia, Irã, Kuwait, Marrocos, Nigéria, Senegal, Tailândia, Venezuela, Vietnã (Exame), Comores, Gabão, Guiné-Bissau, R.D. Congo, Zimbabue e Kuwait (Poder 360).

Por outro lado, o Banco dos Brics já conta com oito associados, incluindo Bangladesh, Emirados Árabes e Egito, que entraram na instituição de desenvolvimento em 2021. O Uruguai deve entrar logo (O Globo).

Como as moedas de todos os países do Brics começam com a letra R, uma eventual moeda única poderia se chamar 5R, arriscou uma fonte envolvida nas discussões: o Brasil tem o real; a Rússia, o rublo; a China, o remimbi; a Índia, a rúpia; e a África do Sul, o rand. Essa proposta está apenas em estudo, é de difícil implementação e, no melhor cenário, só entraria em vigor após 2025 (O Globo).

NEW SCENARY FOR BRAZILIAN FLORA ✅

LAST UPDATED IN 30.09.2024

When comparing the flora of the great botanical powers in the New World, Brazil takes the lead in species and genera. However, in families there is a notable disadvantage. In Brazilian numbers, both Mexico and Colombia have at least 7.6% more families than Brazil. Here, we point out how this number could be reversed or decreased.

A. ATUAL SCENARY

COLOMBIA

Three unbrazilian orders occur in Colombia: Fagales, Huertales (2:2/10), and Desfontainiales (1:2/2). Brazil no has uncolombian orders. Colombia has 11 spp. of Fagales in 7 genera at 4 families, 5 in Morella, and Quercus, Trigonobalanus, Juglans, Alfaroa, Oreomunnea, and Alnus one sp. each.

Colombia has 27 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil ((34/)93 spp.):

Fagaceae (2/2), Betulaceae (1/1), Juglandaceae (3/3), Myricaceae (1/5), Collumeliaceae (2/2), Dipentodontaceae (1/7), Tapisciaceae (1/3), Polemoniaceae (2/3), Montiaceae (2/5), Actinidiaceae (1/34), Grossulariaceae (1/9), Dipterocarpaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/1), Hydrangeaceae (1/3), Phyllonomaceae (1/1), Papaveraceae (1/2), Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Hamamelidaceae (1/1), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Alzateaceae (1/1), Namaceae (1/1), Phrymaceae (2/2), Peltantheracae (1/1), Cornaceae (1/1), Tovariaceae (1/1), Coriariaceae (1/1), and Tetrachondraceae (1/1).

 

Tetrachondraceae, with only Polypremum procumbens, apparently known from a single collection. Mitrastemonaceae is known in Colombia from a single locality.

In contrast, 12 Brazilian families do not occur in Colombia: Hydnoraceae, Calyceraceae, Canellaceae, Quillajaceae, Nartherciaceae, Francoaceae, Cistaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Goodeniaceae and Griseliniaceae.

MEXICO

4 unbrazilian orders occur in Mexico: Fagales, Huertales (2:2/3), Austrobayleiales (1:2/2) and Garryales (1:1/9). Brazil has only two unmexican orders: Cardiopteridales (2:2/10) and Escalloniales (1:1/9). 

Mexico has 51 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil (123/680), 29 occur in South America¹ (93/592), and 22 do not² (30/88):

¹Tovariaceae (1/1), Phyllonomaceae (1/1), Coriariaceae (1/1), Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/3), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Actinidiaceae (1/21), Hydrangeaceae (6/36), Tapisciaceae (1/1), Dipentodontaceae (1/2), Melanthiaceae (4/36), Grossulariaceae (1/23), Juglandaceae (4/14), Saxifragaceae (4/20), Fagaceae (2/138), Betulaceae (4/6), Polemoniaceae (22/105), Cornaceae (1/4), Koeberliniaceae (1/1), Tetrachondraceae (1/1), Zosteraceae (2/3), Hamamelidaceae (3/3), Frankeniaceae (1/5), Papaveraceae (10/44), Phrymaceae (7/48), Myricaceae (1/3), Montiaceae (5/27), Anacampserotaceae (1/1) and Namaceae (4/46). 

 

²Balsaminaceae (1/1), Nyssaceae (1/1), Setchellanthaceae (1/1), Sarcobataceae (1/1), Fouquieriaceae (1/11), Simmondisiaceae (1/1), Crossossomataceae (3/5), Stegnospermataceae (1/3), Guamatelaceae (1/1), Petenaeaceae (1/1), Plocospermataceae (1/1), Ticodendraceae (1/1), Resedaceae (2/10), Datiscaceae (1/1), Paeoniaceae (1/1), Saururaceae (2/2), Platanaceae (1/5), Schisandraceae (2/2), Liliaceae (4/26), Garryaceae (1/9), Altingiaceae (1/1, Liquidambar) and Iteaceae (1/3, Pterostemon).

In contrast, 34 Brazilian families do not occur in Mexico: Hydnoraceae, Tofiediaceae, Nartherciaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae, Taccaceae, Thismiaceae, Velloziaceae, Rapateaceae, Thurniaceae, Strelitziaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Humiriaceae, Peridiscaceae, Lepidobotryceae, Quillajaceae, Euphroniaceae, Goupiaceae, Caryocaraceae, Ixonanthaceae, Bonnetiaceae, Vivianiaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Microteaceae, Strobosiaceae, Aptandraceae, Coulaceae, Olacaceae, Tetrameristaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Stemonuraceae, Calyceraceae, Escalloniaceae and Griseliniaceae.

B. SPLITS

One option would be the botanical breakdowns to be incorporated into the future and fictitious APG VI. Here we highlight some:

Nyctaginaceae: Reichenbachiaceae. 

 

Solanaceae: Duckeodendronaceae, Schizanthaceae and Goetzeaceae.

Celastraceae: Parnassiaceae.

Primulaceae: Theophrastaceae, Samolaceae and Myrsinaceae.

Santalaceae: Amphorogynaceae, Cervanthesiaceae, Comandraceae, Nanodeaceae, Thesiaceae and Viscaceae.

Asparagaceae: Agavaceae, Anthericaceae, Herreriaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Laxmaniaceae, Themidaceae and Ruscaceae.  

These splits would create 21 new families, bringing the number of angiosperm families of 437 to 458.

Specifically the fragmentation of Asparagaceae s.l. and taking into account only Brazil, Mexico and Colombia: Themidaceae, Asparagaceae s.s. and Ruscaceae occur only in Mexico; Hyacinthaceae, Herreriaceae and Laxmanniaceae occur only in Brazil; Anthericaceae and Agavaceae occur in all three countries.

Brazil wins 15 (Reichenbachiaceae, Duckeodendronaceae, Goetzeaceae, Parnassiaceae, Theophrasthaceae, Samolaceae, Myrsinaceae, Thesiaceae, Cervantesiaceae, Viscaceae, Agavaceae, Anthericaceae, Herreriaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Laxmaniaceae) and loss two (Asparagaceae, Primulaceae). Total Brazil: 237 + 15 - 2 = 250.

Colombia wins 7 (Reichenbachiaceae, Theophrastaceae, Myrsinaceae, Cervantesiaceae, Viscaceae, Agavaceae, Anthericaceae) and also loses the same two from Brazil. Total Colombia: 252 + 7 - 2 = 257.

Mexico wins 10 (Parnassiaceae, Theophrasthaceae, Samolaceae, Myrsinaceae, Comandraceae, Viscaceae, Agavaceae, Anthericaceae, Themidaceae, Ruscaceae) and no loses none name. Total Mexico: 254 + 10 - 0 = 264.

The differences would drop from 7 for Colombia and 14 for Mexico.

C. NEW SCENARY

COLOMBIA

Colombia has 27 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil (34/94):

Fagaceae (2/2), Betulaceae (1/1), Juglandaceae (3/3), Myricaceae (1/5), Collumeliaceae (2/2), Dipentodontaceae (1/7), Tapisciaceae (1/3), Polemoniaceae (2/3), Montiaceae (2/5), Actinidiaceae (1/34), Grossulariaceae (1/9), Dipterocarpaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/1), Hydrangeaceae (1/3), Phyllonomaceae (1/1), Papaveraceae (1/2), Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Hamamelidaceae (1/1), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Alzateaceae (1/1), Namaceae (1/1), Phrymaceae (2/2), Peltantheracae (1/1), Cornaceae (1/1), Tovariaceae (1/1), Coriariaceae (1/1) and Tetrachondraceae (1/1).

In contrast, 20 Brazilian families do not occur in Colombia: Hydnoraceae, Canellaceae, Nartherciaceae, Herreriaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Laxmaniaceae, Quillajaceae, Parnassicaae, Francoaceae, Cistaceae, Thesiaceae, Samolaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Duckeodendraceae, Goetzeaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Calyceraceae, Goodeniaceae and Griseliniaceae.

MEXICO

4 unbrazilian orders occur in Mexico: Fagales (see below), Huertales (2:2/3), Austrobayleiaceae (1:2/2) and Garryales (1:1/9). Brazil has only two unmexican orders: Cardiopteridales (2:2/10) and Escalloniales (1:1/9). 

Mexico has 56 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil (127/693 + Themidaceae + Ruscaceae), 30 occur in South America¹ (95/599), and 26 do not² (32/94 + Themidaceae + Ruscaceae):

¹Primulaceae (2/7, Androsace, Primula), Tovariaceae (1/1), Phyllonomaceae (1/1), Coriariaceae (1/1), Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/3), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Actinidiaceae (1/21), Hydrangeaceae (6/36), Tapisciaceae (1/1), Dipentodontaceae (1/2), Melanthiaceae (4/36), Grossulariaceae (1/23), Juglandaceae (4/14), Saxifragaceae (4/20), Fagaceae (2/138), Betulaceae (4/6), Polemoniaceae (22/105), Cornaceae (1/4), Koeberliniaceae (1/1), Tetrachondraceae (1/1), Zosteraceae (2/3), Hamamelidaceae (3/3), Frankeniaceae (1/5), Papaveraceae (10/44), Phrymaceae (7/48), Myricaceae (1/3), Montiaceae (5/27), Anacampserotaceae (1/1) and Namaceae (4/46). 

 

²Asparagaceae (1/5), Balsaminaceae (1/1), Comandraceae (1/1, Comandra), Themidaceae (), Ruscaceae (), Nyssaceae (1/1), Setchellanthaceae (1/1), Sarcobataceae (1/1), Fouquieriaceae (1/11), Simmondisiaceae (1/1), Crossossomataceae (3/5), Stegnospermataceae (1/3), Guamatelaceae (1/1), Petenaeaceae (1/1), Plocospermataceae (1/1), Ticodendraceae (1/1), Resedaceae (2/10), Datiscaceae (1/1), Paeoniaceae (1/1), Saururaceae (2/2), Platanaceae (1/5), Schisandraceae (2/2), Liliaceae (4/26), Garryaceae (1/9), Altingiaceae (1/1, Liquidambar) and Iteaceae (1/3, Pterostemon).

In contrast, 42 Brazilian families do not occur in Mexico: Reichenbachiaceae, Duckeodendronaceae, Goetzeaceae, Thesiaceae, Cervantesiaceae, Herreriaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Laxmaniaceae, Hydnoraceae, Tofiediaceae, Nartherciaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae, Taccaceae, Thismiaceae, Velloziaceae, Rapateaceae, Thurniaceae, Strelitziaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Humiriaceae, Peridiscaceae, Lepidobotryceae, Quillajaceae, Euphroniaceae, Goupiaceae, Caryocaraceae, Ixonanthaceae, Bonnetiaceae, Vivianiaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Microteaceae, Strobosiaceae, Aptandraceae, Coulaceae, Olacaceae, Tetrameristaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Stemonuraceae, Calyceraceae, Escalloniaceae and Griseliniaceae.

D. NEW RECORDS

Many genera occur relatively close to Brazil and could be collected in the national territory. The most likely belong to three lines.

A. RIO GRANDE SUL LINE

Includes Uruguayan families absent in Brazil: Papaveraceae and Polemoniaceae. Montiaceae and Frankeniaceae are unlikely. 

B. COLOMBIAN LINE

Dipterocarpaceae occurs very close to the border of Brazil, in an environment similar to downstream of large rivers. Most likely to occur in Brazil.

C. NEXT LINE

Koeberliniaceae, Corsiaceae, Tapisciaceae, Dipentodontaceae, Montiaceae, Phyllonomaceae and Actinidiaceae are families with non-zero probability of occurring in Brazil. 

IDH DO MUNDO, JUL 2023

 ARTIGO ORIGINAL: https://www.ihu.unisinos.br/categorias/630550

O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) é um indicador estatístico composto por 3 componentes: saúde, educação e renda, por meio da expectativa de vida, da média de anos de escolaridade completados e anos esperados de escolaridade ao entrar no sistema educacional e indicadores de renda per capita. O IDH é um dos melhores índices disponíveis para se avaliar o desenvolvimento humano dos países.

IDH TOP 25 + BRICS; 2020, 2021 | EcoDebate 

De modo geral, o IDH tem crescido nas últimas décadas. O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano para o mundo cresceu cerca de 0,05 entre a última década do século XX e a primeira década do século XXI, atingindo 0,645 no ano 2000. Na década passada o IDH global passou de 0,697 em 2010 para 0,732 em 2021, o menor ritmo de avanço desde a criação do indicador. A tabela abaixo mostra os 25 países com maior IDH em 2000 e 2021 e também os dados para os 5 países do grupo BRICS. Houve avanços em todos os países, mas em ritmos diferenciados.

O líder do ranking no ano 2000 era a Noruega e o líder em 2021 foi a Suíça, com a Noruega caindo para o segundo lugar. Os Estados Unidos da América (EUA) tinham um IDH de 0,891 em 2000, ocupando o sexto lugar no ranking, passou para um IDH de 0,921 em 2021, mas despencou para o 21º lugar. Outros países que caíram no ranking (embora tenham elevado o IDH) foram Holanda, Canadá, Bélgica, Japão, Áustria e Israel. Os países que tiveram os maiores avanços foram a Suíça, Islândia, Hong Kong, Singapura, Coreia do Sul, Malta e Eslovênia (estes dois últimos países nem estavam entre os 25 países com maior IDH em 2000). Já a França e a Itália saíram da lista dos 25 países com maior IDH entre 2000 e 2021.

Entre os países do grupo BRICS, a Rússia tem o maior IDH, sendo 0,822 em 2021, pertencente ao grupo de muito alto Desenvolvimento Humano. O Brasil vinha em seguida no ano 2000, mas nas últimas 2 décadas foi ultrapassado pela China. A África do Sul tem o quarto IDH dos BRICS e a Índia o quinto. O IDH do mundo cresceu 13,5% entre os anos 2000 e 2001. Praticamente, todos os 25 países do topo do ranking cresceram menos do que a média global, pois já estão próximos do limite máximo que é 1,000 (um). Entre os BRICS, a Rússia, o Brasil e a África do Sul tiveram variação do IDH abaixo da média global. A China teve o maior avanço percentual, com aumento de 31,5% entre 2000 e 2021 e a Índia teve aumento de 28,9% no período, embora tenha o menor nível do IDH dos 5 países do grupo BRICS.

O IDH do mundo cresceu bastante nas últimas décadas, mas às custas de uma ampla degradação ambiental. Hoje em dia a humanidade já superou a capacidade de carga do Planeta e a população mundial já está pagando o preço da crise climática e ecológica. Como mostrei no artigo “O mundo vive o risco de uma década perdida no desenvolvimento humano” (Alves, 27/01/2023), a atual década traz o desafio de retomada do desenvolvimento humano com sustentabilidade ambiental.

O Brasil que é o 5º maior território, o 7º país mais populoso e está entre as 10 maiores economias do mundo, em tamanho do PIB, mas estava em 81º lugar no ranking do IDH no ano 2000 e caiu para 87º lugar em 2021. Existem 66 países com IDH acima de 0,800 e 50 países com IDH entre 0,700 e 0,799. O Brasil está neste segundo grupo e parece que dificilmente conseguirá dar o salto para o grupo do topo do ranking (onde estão Chile, Argentina e Uruguai). O Brasil corre o risco de ficar preso na armadilha da renda média. No período de 2010 a 2021 o IDH do mundo cresceu 0,45% ao ano e o Brasil cresceu 0,38% ao ano. O Brasil terá que acelerar o passo se quiser seguir o ritmo médio de avanço do desenvolvimento humano global.

E todos os países terão que reduzir as desigualdades sociais e diminuir a sobrecarga da Terra, para evitar o consumo conspícuo e a degradação ambiental. Como disse Rita Lee: “Não quero luxo nem lixo”.

TERRESTRIAL PLANTS IN SOUTH AMERICA✅

LAST UPDATED IN 29.09.2024
⋵: 'ENDEMICS'

The Embryophyta, or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as sister of the Zygnematophyceae. Living embryophytes therefore include hornworts, liverworts, mosses, lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and flowering plants. The tree below is one of the most consensual about the evolution of the group (Wikipedia). Bryophyta s.l. are a proposed taxonomic division containing three groups of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and mosses.

The most complete data from bryophytes in Neotropics is Hallingbäck and Nick Hodgetts (Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts, 2000), assignated here as [1]; some data also in Delgadillo (Bol. Soc. Bot. Mexico, 2000).

In summary, Colombia has advantage of 5 spp. against Brazil in Marchantiophyta (no advantage in genera), 65 spp. in Bryophyta (no advantagem in genera), and none advantages in Anthocerophyta. Mexico no has advantages against Brazil in Marchantiophyta and Anthocerophyta, and an advantage of 4 families, 57 genera and 114 spp. in Bryophyta.

PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF VIRIDIPLANTAE

MARCHANTIOPHYTA

Liverworts has (87:386/)7,273 spp. worldwide, by Lars Söderström et al.  (PhytoKeys, 2016). 

Colombia has (37:134/)703 spp. (37 endemics; CTLC, BOOK, 2016); Brazil has (39:132/)698 spp. (Reflora, 2023; 143 endemics). Brazil has 3 families absents in Colombia (Chonecoleaceae, Oxymitraceae, Sphaerocarpaceae); Colombia has one family absent in Brazil: Pseudolepicoleaceae (3/3 in country). Mexico includes (122:)592 spp. [1] and varieties in this class (Delgadillo-Moya, Botanical Sciences, 2022).

By [1], endemic genera occur in northern Andes (7), Amazonia (5), Guianan Highlands (4), SE Brazil (2, Pluvianthus, Vittalianthus), and Chocó (1); Geocalycaceae is placed under Lophocoleaceae in CPLC, and Solenostomataceae under Jungermanniaceae. 

BRYOPHYTA

Mosses has c. 12,000 spp. worldwide (Wikipedia). Colombia has (65:261/)932 spp. (52 endemics; CTLC, BOOK, 2016). Brazil has (71:268/)867 spp. (209 endemics; largest diveristy of genera, 8 endemics, Costa, D.P. et al., The New York Botanical Garden Press, 2023). Mexico has (75:325/)984 spp. (Delgadillo-Moya, Rev. Mex. Biodiv. vol.85, 2014).

By [1], endemic genera occur in central Andes (12), Mexico (7), SE Brazil (5, Cladostomum, Crumuscus, Itatiella, Moseniella, Paranapiacabaea), northern Andes (4), Caribbean (3), Central America (2), Amazonia (2), and Guianas Highlands (2).

ANTHOCEROPHYTA

Hornworts has (5:12/)213 spp. worldwide, by Lars Söderström et al.  (PhytoKeys, 2016). 

Anthocerotaceae (2/78)

Anthoceros L. (60).

Folioceros D.C.Bharadwaj (18)

Dendrocerotaceae (4/70)

Dendroceros Nees (41)

Megaceros Campb. (11)

Nothoceros (R.M.Schust.) J.Haseg (10)

Phaeomegaceros R.J.Duff (8)

Phymatocerotaceae (1/2)

Phymatoceros Stotler (2)

Notothyladoideae (1/22)

Notothylas Sull. ex A.Gray (22) 

Phaeocerotoideae (3/40)

Mesoceros Piippo (2)

Paraphymatoceros Hässel (4) 

Phaeoceros Prosk. (34) 

Leiosporocerotaceae (1/1)

Leiosporoceros Hässel (1) 

Gradstein (Caldasia, 2018) cites (4:7/)15 spp. in Colombia. Brazil has (4:7/)18 spp. (Reflora, 2023, 3 endemics). Notothyladaceae has identical genera in both countries. Dendrocerotaceae has a genus in Colombia absent in Brazil (Phaeomegaceros R.J.Duff); Brazil has one genus in Anthocerotaceae absent in Colombia (Folioceros DC); and both countries has a exclusive family againt the other: Phymatocerotaceae (Phymatoceros Stotler, W.T. Doyle & Crand.-Stotl.) in Brazil, and Leiosporoceroaceae (Leiospoceros Hässel) in Colombia. Mexico has (3:3/)9 spp. in this class, among Anthoceros, Nothoceros and Phaeoceros, plus at least 7 undescribeds (Delgadillo-Moya, Botanical Sciences, 2022), 3 endemics.

LYCOPHYTES

MONILOPHYTES

GYMNOSPERMS

ANGIOSPERMS

LYCOPHYTES OF SOUTH AMERICA ✅

LAST UPDATED IN 16.02.2024
⋵: 'ENDEMICS'

Lycophyta are a group of vascular plants, one of the oldest lineages of extant vascular plants; the group contains extinct plants that have been dated from the Silurian (ca. 425 M years ago); also were some of the dominating plant species of the Carboniferous period, and included the tree-like Lepidodendrales, some of which grew over 40m in height, although extant lycophytes are relatively small plants (Wikipedia). Via Home et al. (Freie University, Berlin), Lycophytes and Monilophytes are sucessive sisters of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

All data below follows the World Ferns website (SEE).

ISOETALES

A single family in this order, Isoetaceae, and a single genus, Isoetes L., with 204 spp., subcosmopolitan. 37 in U.S.A., 32 in Brazil (24⋵), 12 in Colombia and 8 in Mexico.

LYCOPODIALES

A single family, Lycopodiaceae (17/)492 spp. Largest diversities in New World are Colombia (8/94, 75 only in Phlegmariurus), Brazil (9/62), U.S.A. (8/23, 1/3 in Huperzia) and Mexico (6/23, 17 in Phlegmariurus).

Brazil leads Mexico in all mexican genera except tied status in Lycopodium (1 ✕ 1) and lose in Huperzia (2 ✕ 1). Brazil leads Colombia in all colombian genera except tied status in Lycopodiella (4 ✕ 4), Austrolycopodium (1 ✕ 1), Diphasium (1 ✕ 1), Lycopodium (1 ✕ 1) and lose in Palhinhaea (8 ✕ 6) and Phlegmariurus (75 ✕ 39).

SUBFAMILY LYCOPODIELLOOIDEAE (5/57)

Brownseya (Kunze) Li Bing Zhang, L.D.Sheph., D.K.Chen, X.M.Zhou & H.He (1, Australia, Papuasia, New Zealand, New Caledonia).

 

Lateristachys Holub. (3, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand). 

 

Lycopodiella Holub. 12 spp., holarctic and tropical America, six in U.S.A., 4 in Colombia and 4 in Brazil, none in Mexico.

 

Palhinhaea Franco & Vasconcellos. 25 spp., pantropical, 8 in Colombia, six in Brazil, only one in Mexico and U.S.A. 

 

Pseudolycopodiella Holub. 16 spp., widely scattered worldwide, 7 in Brazil, 3 in Colombia, two in U.S.A., only one in Mexico.

SUBFAMILY LYCOPODIOIDEAE (9/45)

Austrolycopodium Holub. 7 spp., temperate southern hemisphere, mostly circumantarctic, one to tropical Africa, Brazil and Colombia one each. 

 

Dendrolycopodium Haines. 5 spp., North America (3 in U.S.A.) and E Asia. 

 

Diphasiastrum Holub. 17 spp., temperate northern hemisphere (5 in U.S.A.), one in South Africa and Madagascar, two to tropical America: D. thyoides (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Holub widely from Mexico to Uruguay, except Chile and Caribbean, and D. falcatum B.Øllg. & P.G.Windisch endemic to SE Brazil 

 

Diphasium Presl ex Rothmaler. 4 spp., D. jussiaei (Desv. ex Poir.) Rothm. in Costa Rica to Bolivia and Brazil, D. gayanum (J.Rémy) Holub in Chile and Argentina, D. lawessonianum (B.Øllg.) B.Øllg. endemic to Ecuador, and D. cariosum (G.Forst.) Rothm. from Philippines and Borneo to New Zealand.

 

Lycopodiastrum Holub ex Dixit. (1, Asia).

 

Lycopodium L. 7 spp., mainly temperate and subarctic regions, three in New World, one continentaly confined to Canada and U.S.A., L. cernua L. widely in almost all New World, and L. vestitum Desv. ex Poir. from Peru and Ecuador, possibly in Venezuela. 

 

Pseudodiphasium Holub. (1, Asia, Australia, New Zealand).

 

Pseudolycopodium Holub. (1, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia).

 

Spinulum Haines. Two spp., S. lioui Li Bing Zhang & H.He (Russian Far East, China, Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan) and S. annotinum (L.) A.Haines (over Europe, Caucasus, Turkyie, Kazakhstan, Alaska to S U.S.A.). 

SUBFAMILY HUPERZIOIDEAE (3/370)

Huperzia Bernhardi. 62 spp., 7 in U.S.A., two in Mexico, one in Brazil (endemic), none in Colombia.

Phlegmariurus Holub. 307 spp., worldwide pantropical. 75 in Colombia, 39 in Brazil, 17 in Mexico and only one in U.S.A.

Phlegmariurus ruber (Cham. & Schlecht.) B.Øllg., endemic to ferruginous places in Minas Gerais state, SE Brazil

Phylloglossum Kunze. (1, Australia and New Zealand).

SELAGINELLALES

A single family, Selaginellaceae (19/)770 spp., nine genera in New World. U.S.A includes 7 genera (one endemic; Lepidoselaginella, Valdespinoa and Selaginoides absents in Brazil), Mexico six (Didiclis and Lepidoselaginella absents in Brazil), Colombia six (Didiclis absent in Brazil) and Brazil includes only five (Gymnogynum, Bryodesma, Megaloselaginella, Pulviniella and Selaginella).

Largest diversities: Colombia (6/97), Brazil (5/81), U.S.A. (7/36) and Mexico (6/80).

Brazil and Colombia tied in Bryodesma, Megalosellaginella and Pulviniella. Brazil lose for Mexico in Bryodesma (21 ✕ 2) and Pulviniella (2 ✕ 1). Brazil lose for Colombia in Gymnogynum (24 ✕ 16) and Selaginella (67 ✕ 60).

SELAGINELLOIDEAE 

Selaginoides Ség. Two sp., S. spinulosa (A.Braun ex Döll) Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou from Artic to Nevada, Colorado, Maine, Mediterranean, Caucasus and souther Russia, also in Japan, and S. deflexa (Brack.) Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou endemic to Hawaii. 

BOREOSELAGINELLOIDAE 

Boreoselaginella (6, E Asia to Russia). 

GYMNOGYNOIDEAE 

Afroselaginella (4, endemic to Africa). 

Megaloselaginella Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou. Three spp., two from Costa Rica to N Brazil (one a venezuelan endemic, Colombia and Brazil one each), one in Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. 

Gymnogynum P.Beauv. 48 spp., mostly tropical America, 1 tropical Africa, 1 in Asia; 24 in Colombia, 16 in Brazil and 7 in Mexico. 

Ericetorum (8, Africa, Madagascar and Australia). 

Lepidoselaginella Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou. Three spp. from Mexico, L. lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou up to SW U.S.A. in north and Costa Rica in south.

Bryodesma Soják. 56 spp., almost cosmopolitan, mostly in temperate areas, many in U.S.A. (27) and Mexico (21). Colombia and Brazil two each. 

SINOSELAGINELLOIDEAE (absent in New World)

Austroselaginella (4, endemic to Australia). 

Korallia (15, Madagascar and adjacent islands).  

 

Sinoselaginella (5, China extending to the Arabic area and E Africa). 

 

PULVINELLIOIDEAE 

 

Pulviniella (Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou) Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou. 17 spp., scattered almost cosmopolitan, several in China, 3 in New World: P. convoluta (Arn.) Li Bing Zhang & X.M. Zhou (Mexico to Brazil, Paraguay and Caribbean), P. gypsophila ((A.R.Sm. & T. Reeves) Li Bing Zhang & X.M. Zhou, Mexico) and P. pilifera ((A. Braun) Li Bing Zhang & X.M. Zhou, SW U.S.A. to NW Mexico). 

 

LYCOPODIOIDOIDEAE (South American absent in Brazil) 

 

Hypopterygiopsis (170, Asia and Pacific islands and a few in Africa and Madagascar). 

Didiclis P.Beauv. 70 spp., Africa, Asia, and Australasia, only one in New World, D. hoffmannii (Hieron.) Li Bing Zhang & X.M. Zhou, from Mexico do Ecuador. 

Lycopodioides (12, Eurasia). 

Valdespinoa Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou. Only one sp., endemic to NW U.S.A.

SELAGINELLOIDEAE 

Chuselaginella (70, Africa, Asia, Australia and southern Pacific islands). 

Kungiselaginella (12, Asia).  

Selaginella P.Beauv. 231 spp., New World, mostly tropical America, only very few tropical Africa. 67 in Colombia, 60 in Brazil, 45 in Mexico, and only 4 in U.S.A. 

Simplified maximum likelihood phylogeny of Selaginellaceae based on plastid rbcL and five nuclear markers