ASPHODELACEAE
Some spp. of Aloe (7, in Somalia, SW Arabian Peninsula, Mozambique to South Africa) and Kniphofia (71, Cameroon, Sudan to S. Africa, Madagascar, Yemen) are pachycaul shrubs or trees (Angios Bergianska).
Aloidendron in natural habitat, Africa.
ASPARAGACEAE
ARECALES
DASYPOGONACEAE
ARECACEAE
Nypa fruticans
Hyphaene Gaertn. are unusual among palms in having regular naturally branched trunks; most other palms are single-stemmed from the ground (Angios Bergianska); this genus includes 7 spp. and it's native to over Africa (except NW and S extremes), Madagascar, Jordania to Yemen, India and Sri Lanka.
Branched Hyphaene
Lodoicea maldivica (J.F.Gmelin) Persoon, endemic to Seychelles, holds nine botanical records:
▪ it produces the largest wild fruit so far recorded, weighing up to 36 kg, and perhaps as much as 45 kg; although domesticated pumpkins and watermelons can be much heavier.
▪ the mature seeds weighing up to 17.6 kg are the world's heaviest.
▪ the seed upon germinating, produces the longest known cotyledon, up to four meters, and on occasion as long as ten meters (33 feet).
▪ it is the slowest growing of all large trees, although some small to medium-sized desert trees are slower. At the Peradenaya Royal Botanic Gardens, it grew an average of 33 mm per year over a period of 140 years.
▪ the female flowers are the largest of any palm, up to four inches (ten centimeters) in diameter.
▪ the male catkins, up to 2m in length, are the longest known.
▪ the sepals, which grow with the fruit, are the largest known; up to 23 centimeters long by six inches (15 centimeters) wide.
▪ the leaves of Lodoicea have the longest lifespan of any monocot, nine years to develop in the terminal spike, and then nine more years as a fully functioning leaf. However adult Lodoicea can have as many as twenty leaves with a potential lifespan of 24 years.
▪ finally, Lodoicea is the most efficient plant known at recovering nutrients from moribund leaves.
TYPHACEAE
BROMELIACEAE
RAPATEACEAE
MAYACACEAE
ERIOCAULACEAE
XYRIDACEAE
THURNIACEAE
JUNCACEAE
Phenotypic diversity in Cyperaceae is represented among others by a wide range of growth forms, from tiny ephemerals less than 3 cm high such as Isolepis inconspicua (Levyns) J.Raynal (Cape Province, South Africa) to climbing herbs that may measure tomore than 12 m long such as Scleria boivinii Steud. (Senegal to Angola and Tanzania). There are even species with a tendency for epiphytism, such as Coleochloa domensis Muasya & D.A.Simpson (W Cameroom) - Larridon et al. (JSE, 2021).
Carex moorcroftii Falc. ex Boott, native from N India to NE China, has been found up to elevations of 5,700 m. (Larridon et al., JSE, 2021).
Microdracoides squamosa Hua, from Guinea, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Cameroon, is perhaps the unique subarborescent and semiscandent member of Cyperaceae; similar looking species are the New Caledonian endemic genus Chamaedendron (Kük.) Larridon (Larridon et al., JSE, 2021).
Costaceae has stem usually simple, but branched in Tapeinochilos Miq. (16, Maluku to N Queensland), with lateral branches penetrating leaf sheaths (Angios Bergianska).
Menispermaceae are usually evergreen lianas, or scrambling and climbing perennial herbs, rarely shrubs or trees such as Burasaia Thouars (4, Madagascar), Penianthus Miers (3, Sierra Leona to Congo), Sphenocentrum Pierre (1, Cote de Ivoire to Cameroom) and some Abuta Aubl. (34, S Mexico to S Brazil); one species of Stephania and a few species such as Cissampelos ovalifolia DC. are herbaceous (Angios Bergianska).
BERBERIDACEAE
RANUNCULACEAE
PROTEALES
SABIACEAE
NELUMBONACEAE
PLATANACEAE
PROTEACEAE
TROCHODENDRALES
TROCHODENDRACEAE
BUXALES
BUXACEA
GUNNERALES
GUNNERACEAE
MYROTHAMNACEAE
DILLENIALES
DILLENIACEAE
Acrotrema costatum Jack from Arunachal Pradesh to Peninsula Malaysia is possibly the single herb in Dilleniaceae (Angios Bergianska).
PERIDISCACEAE
PAEONIACEAE
ALTINGIACEAE
HAMAMELIDACEAE
CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE
DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE
CRASSULACEAE
Crassula aquatica (L.) Schönland native from Artic to Costa Rica, northern Europe to Kola peninsula, and from center Asia to Japan and SE China, is one of the few aquatic species in the family (Angios Bergianska).
The highest base chromosome number known for any dicot (n = 270) belongs to Sedum suaveolens Kimnach, 1978 (SEE), endemic to Mexico.
Crassula aphylla Schönland & Baker f. from South Africa forms leafless, globular shoots reaching maturity at about 3mm; it may represent the smallest succulent plant (lack source).
APHANOPETALACEAE
TETRACARPAEACEAE
PENTHORACEAE
Haloragaceae consistes for mainly by perennial or annual herbs, suffrutices or evergreen small shrubs, however Glischrocaryon Endl. from Australia consists of shrubs and small trees (Angios Bergianska).
ITEACEAE
GROSSULARIACEAE
SAXIFRAGACEAE
CYNOMORIACEAE
VITALES
Unlike other Vitaceae, Leea D.Royen (45, Senegal to Sudan and Madagascar, Pakistan to China, up to NE Australia) consists of evergreen trees, shrubs or perennial herbs without tendrils (Angios Bergianska).
ZYGOPHYLLALES
KRAMERIACEAE
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
OXALIDALES
HUACEAE
CONNARACEAE
OXALIDACEAE
CUNONIACEAE
CEPHALOTACEAE
ELAEOCARPACEAE
BRUNELLIACEAE
CELASTRALES
LEPIDOBOTRYACEAE
Unlike other Celastraceae, Stackhousia Sm. (17, Sumatra to Philippines, up to New Zealand, absent in Borneo) are usually annual or perennial herbs, sometimes succulent (Angios Bergianska).
MALPIGHIALES
CTENOLOPHONACEAE
ERYTHROXYLACEAE
RHIZOPHORACEAE
IRVINGIACEAE
PANDACEAE
OCHNACEAE
BONNETIACEAE
CLUSIACEAE
CALOPHYLLACEAE
HYPERICACEAE
PODOSTEMACEAE
LOPHOPYXIDACEAE
PUTRANJIVACEAE
CARYOCARACEAE
CENTROPLACACEAE
ELATINACEAE
Bergia suffruticosa (Delile) Fenzl from Senegal to Egypt, Algeria, Congo, Kenya and Yemen, disjunct in Pakistan and India, is the unique no herb in Elatinaceae (Angios Bergianska).
MALPIGHIACEAE
BALANOPACEAE
TRIGONIACEAE
DICHAPETALACEAE
CHRYSOBALANACEAE
EUPHRONIACEAE
HUMIRIACEAE
Acharia (1, South Africa), Ceratiosicyos (1, Namibia, South Africa) and Guthriea (1, South Africa, Lesotho) are the unique herbs in Achariaceae (Angios Bergianska).
GOUPIACEAE
VIOLACEAE
PASSIFLORACEAE
Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) is one of the most charismatic genera of angiosperms, famous due to the extreme diversity of flower shapes. It has 582 spp. in 5 subgenera, the absolute majority in the New World, more than 150 in Brazil, being strongly represented by lianas and lianesent herbs. However, the genus has arboreal species that have completely lost their lineascent habit. However, after a rigorous search on the Internet, Almanaque Z did not find an express list of trees of the genus. Here, based on some references, we seek to list all trees of the genus.
Considering Hilgenhof (Sibbaldia, 2012), who restricts arboreal forms of passionflower to section Astrophea; Wikipedia/Passiflora subg. Astrophea, who lists all the species in the group; Ocampo et al (Biota Colombiana, 2007), who discusses the arboreal forms of Colombia in a precise manner, adding P. grandis Killip to the list of trees in the genus (sect. Pseudoastrophea); however, is a smaller species, up to only 1.5m tall), Hilgenhof (Sibbaldia, 2012) again for the inclusion of P. lindeniana Planch. ex Triana & Planch as tree, despite Ocampo et al (Biota Colombiana, 2007), and Killip (Field Museum of Natural History, 1938), which describes all the Passifloraceae of the New World until then, only nine Passiflora has a true tree habit, namely:
Passiflora lindeniana Planch. ex Triana & Planch (W Venezuela to NE Colombia, up to 20m tall, SEE).Passiflora arborea Spreng., 1826 (Panama to W Colombia, sometimes P. magnoliifolia F.Dietr., 6-10m, SEE).Passiflora tica Gomez Laur. & L.D. Gómez, 1981 (Costa Rica to W Colombia, up to 7m tall., SEE).Passiflora emarginata Humb. & Bonpl., 1813 (W Colombia, 3-5m, SEE).Passiflora engleriana Harms, 1894 (NW Colombia, up to 5m, SEE).Passiflora frutescens Ruiz & Pav. ex Killip (Peru, unknown high, SEE).Passiflora macrophylla Spruce ex Mast., 1883 (Colombia to Ecuador, shrubby? 3-4m, SEE).Passiflora sphaerocarpa Triana & Planch., 1873 (Colombia, 2-4m, SEE).Passiflora grandis Killip, 1938 (NW Colombia, 1.5m high, SEE).
Outside of the Astrophea section, only P. quelchii N.E.Br. and P. spicata Mast. are not scandent (Killip, pg. 555, 1938).
SALICACEAE
PERACEAE
RAFFLESIACEAE
EUPHORBIACEAE
sect. Anisophyllum/Acutae ‣ 106 spp. in Mexico.
sect. Anisophyllum/Hypericifoliea ‣ 3 spp., all in Mexico.
sect. Alectoroctonum ‣ 70 spp. in Mexico.
sect. Poinsettia ‣ 20 spp. in Mexico.
xxx
▪ sect. Helioscopia - 26 spp. in New World, inc. three in America Latina: E. alta Norton from SW U.S.A. to NW Mexico,; E. philippiana (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss. from Chile; and E. spathulata Lam. disjunct from Canada to Mexico, and southern Brazil, NE Argentina and Uruguay.
▪ sect. Paralias - one sp. in New World, E. trichotoma Kunth as outlier in S Florida, SE Mexico to Belize, Bahamas, Cuba and Cayman Islands.
▪ sect. Tithymalus has with 35 spp., 7 native to and restricted to the Old World from the eastern Mediterranean region to Iran and the Arabian Peninsula, E. peplus L. presumably native to the Mediterranean region but is now widespread worldwide; the remaining species are native to the New World from United States, Canada, Mexico (18), Central America and Hispaniola.
sect. Tanquahuete ‣ contains two tree species that are by far the largest members of Euphorbia in the New World (up to 25m), and among the largest in the genus. E. lundelliana is poorly known, but is placed here because of its arborescent habit, leaves similar to E. tanquahuete.
sect. Calyculatae ‣ two spp., E. calyculata Kunth and E. xylopoda, trees up to 12m high, endemic to Mexico.
sect. Crepidaria ‣ 15 spp., 12 restricted to Mexico; mexican species vary in their geographical range from E. lomelii V.W.Steinm., estimated to occupy some 300 000 km² in the deserts around the Gulf of California, to the microendemic E. conzattii V.W.Steinm. with a range of 0.2 km² on a single mountaintop. Of the three species with distributions extending beyond Mexico's borders, the southernmost populations of E. calcarata (Schltdl.) V.W.Steinm. occur in northern Guatemala, whereas E. personata (Croizat) V.W.Steinm. has disjunct populations as far south as Costa Rica. Finally, E. tithymaloides L., by far the most widespread species of the clade, has a range that includes Mexico, Florida, northern South America, Central America, and most islands in the Caribbean. In addition to an unusually broad distribution, E. tithymaloides is also notable in the group for the degree of infraspecific differentiation, with eight subspecies recognized.
sects. Mesophyllae ‣ a single spp., from Mexico (Chiapas), Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil (Acre), Bolivia.
sect. Euphorbiastrum ‣ 6 spp., Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru to S Mexico (only E. pteroneura) and Caribbean.
PICRODENDRACEAE
LINACEAE
IXONANTHACEAE
FABALES
QUILLAJACEAE
FABACEAE
In Polygalaceae, Salomonia Lour (5, India to Japan, south up to NE Australia) comprises achlorophyllous root holoparasites and Epirixanthes (7, India to China, south up to New Guinea) comprises holomycotrophs (Angios Bergianska).
ROSALES
ROSACEAE
RHAMNACEAE
ELAEAGNACEAE
BARBEYACEAE
DIRACHMACEAE
ULMACEAE
CANNABACEAE
MORACEAE
Fatoua Gaudich. (3, Madagascar, Japan to Jawa and New Caledonia) are annual herbs (Angios Bergianska).
URTICACEAE
For cave plants, a remarkable work via Konno et al (Plos One, 2018) deals with their diversity in caves in southern China; the Yangzi Cave is the type locality for 8 plants! Pilea cavernicola A.K. Monro, C.J. Chen & Y.G. Wei (Urticaceae) grows in almost complete darkness, receiving less than 3% of full sunlight (Alex K. Monro et al., PhytoKeys, 2012), being the most shaddy plant worldwide.
CUCURBITALES
ANISOPHYLLEACEAE
CORYNOCARPACEAE
CORIARIACEAE
CUCURBITACEAE
Dendrosicyos socotranus Balf.f., endemic to the island of Socotra in Yemen, is the only species in the Cucurbitaceae to grow in a tree form.
Dendrosicyos socotranus Balf.f., endemic to Socotra
TETRAMELACEAE
DATISCACEAE
BEGONIACEAE
APODANTHACEAE
FAGALES
NOTHOFAGACEAE
FAGACEAE
MYRICACEAE
JUGLANDACEAE
CASUARINACEAE
TICODENDRACEAE
BETULACEAE
GERANIALES
Geraniaceae are usually perennial or annual herbs, sometimes suffrutices or shrubs; in Geranium section Neurophyllodes (4) from Hawaii are trees (Angios Bergianska).
FRANCOACEAE
MYRTALES
COMBRETACEAE
ONAGRACEAE
LYTHRACEAE
VOCHYSIACEAE
MYRTACEAE
MELASTOMATACEAE
CRYPTERONIACEAE
ALZATEACEAE
PENAEACEAE
CROSSOSOMATALES
STAPHYLEACEAE
GUAMATELACEAE
CROSSOSOMATACEAE
STACHYURACEAE
APHLOIACEAE
GEISSOLOMATACEAE
STRASBURGERIACEAE
PICRAMNIALES
PICRAMNIACEAE
SAPINDALES
BIEBERSTEINIACEAE
NITRARIACEAE
KIRKIACEAE
ANACARDIACEAE
BURSERACEAE
Herbs in Sapindaceae occur only in Cardiospermum L. (9, cosmopolitan), mainly in New World (Angios Bergianska).
Unlike the predominat trees and shrubs in Meliaceae, Munronia (8, India to E China, up to peninsular Malaysia, Philippines, and from Java to Timor) are suffrutices, and Naregamia (1, India) are perennial herbs (Angios Bergianska).
SIMAROUBACEAE
RUTACEAE
HUERTEALES
GERRARDINACEAE
PETENAEACEAE
TAPISCIACEAE
DIPENTODONTACEAE
MALVALES
NEURADACEAE
THYMELAEACEAE
SPHAEROSEPALACEAE
BIXACEAE
CISTACEAE
SARCOLAENACEAE
DIPTEROCARPACEAE
CYTINACEAE
MUNTINGIACEAE
MALVACEAE
BRASSICALES
AKANIACEAE
TROPAEOLACEAE
MORINGACEAE
CARICACEAE
Jarilla
Horovitzia
SETCHELLANTHACEAE
LIMNANTHACEAE
KOEBERLINIACEAE
BATACEAE
TIGANOPHTYACEAE
SALVADORACEAE
EMBLINGIACEAE
PENTADIPLANDRACEAE
GYROSTEMONACEAE
RESEDACEAETOVARIACEAE
CAPPARACEAE
CLEOMACEAE
BRASSICACEAE
Heliophila (96 spp.), and Chamira are endemic to the Cape region of South Africa, where they are the dominant genera of Brassicaceae. They may be regarded as the most diversified Brassicaceae lineage in every aspect of habit, leaf, flower, and fruit morphology. It has flowers with enormous diversity in size ranging from the largest in the family (petals to 25 mm long in Brachycarpaea juncea and Cycloptychis virgata) to nearly the smallest (petals ca. 1.2 mm long in Heliophila pectinata). Heliophila has a wide range of flower color, including blue, a color otherwise known in Brassicaceae only in the unrelated Himalayan Solms-laubachia Muschl. (Al-Shehbaz & Yang, 2001). Furthermore, the flowers usually have appendages on the basal portions of petals and/or staminal filaments. Several species (e.g., H. africana) produce beaked fruits similar to those of the tribe Brassiceae, whereas others have siliques more than 12 cm long (e.g., H. scoparia) or minute silicles only about 2 mm in diameter (e.g., H. patens). Fruit shape is quite variable (linear, lanceolate, oblong, elliptic, ovoid, or globose), whereas fruit compression in Heliophila varies from latiseptate (flattened parallel to the septum) to terete, and in Brachycarpaea it is angustiseptate (fruit flattened at a right angle to the septum) (Figs. 1, 2). Fruits may be dehiscent (Heliophila), indehiscent and woody (Silicularia), samaroid (Thlaspeocarpa), or even schizocarpic and with a distinct (Cycloptychis) or rudimentary carpophore (Brachycarpaea). These fruit characters (e.g., silique versus silicle, dehiscent vs. indehiscent, latiseptate vs. angustiseptate), which are used in the separation of species and genera within Heliophileae, have been used extensively in the delimitation of tribes (see Al-Shehbaz, 1984). Within Heliophila one finds ephemeral to perennial herbs, shrubs, and lianas to 3 m tall (H. scandens). Apart from previous controversial classification systems discussed by Appel and Al-Shehbaz (1997), nothing is known about the phylogenetic relationships within the Heliophileae (Mummenhoff, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 2005).
STROMBOSIACEAE
COULACEAE
XIMENIACEAE
APTANDRACEAE
OLACACEAE
OCTOKNEMACEAE BALANOPHORACEAE
MYSTROPETALACEAE
Atkinsonia F.Muell. (1, SE Australia), Gaiadendron (2, Nicaragua to Bolivia and Brazil) and Nuytsia (1, W Australia) are the unique root parasitic trees in Loranthaceae (Angios Bergianska).
MISODENDRACEAE
SCHOEPFIACEAE
Quinchamalium Molina (1, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina) is the unique herb in Schoepfiaceae (Angios Bergianska).
AIZOACEAE
The radiation of the Aizoaceae (144/c. 1,680 spp.), specifically the subfamily Ruschioideae, was one of the most recent among the angiosperms, occurring 1.13-6.49 Mya. It is also one of the fastest radiations ever described in the angiosperms, with a diversification rate of about 4.4 species per million years; this diversification was roughly contemporaneous with major radiations in two other succulent lineages, Cactaceae and Agave.
The two basal groups, Sesuvioideae and Aizooideae, includes (11/)163 spp. widely worldwide. Acrosanthoideae, Mesembryanthemoideae and Ruschioideae subfamilies includes (11/)1,511-1,531 spp., all confined to Africa except Disphyma N.E.Br. (4, Western and Eastern Cape, southern Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand), Delosperma N.E.Br. (170, South Africa to eastern Africa and Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar, Réunion), and Carpobrotus N.E.Br. (13; S Africa, Australia, South America).
GISEKIACEAE
SARCOBATACEAE
PHYTOLACCACEAE
PETIVERIACEAE
NYCTAGINACEAE
MOLLUGINACEAE
MONTIACEAE
HALOPHYTACEAE
DIDIEREACEAE
BASELLACEAE
TALINACEAE
Portulaca suffrutescens Engelm. from Arizona to C Mexico somewhat has lignified at stem base, unique among this genus (Angios Bergianska).
ANACAMPSEROTACEAE
Cochemiea dioica (K.Brandegee) Doweld (= Mammillaria dioica, California to Mexico) and × Aporberocereus innesii (Kimnach) Doweld (= Selenicereus innesii, only cultivation) are the unique functionally dioecious among all Cactaceae (Angios Bergianska).
CORNALES
Besides the main habit in Cornaceae as trees or shrubs, Cornus suecica L. (Canada, Alaska, N Europe to W Siberia, NE Asia) and C. canadensis L. (Artic to Arizona, NE Asia, Myanmar) are stoloniferous perennial herbs or suffrutices (Angios Bergianska).
CURTISIACEAE
NYSSACEAE
HYDROSTACHYACEAE
HYDRANGEACEAE
LOASACEAE
ERICALES
BALSAMINACEAE
MARCGRAVIACEAE
TETRAMERISTACEAE
Cantua Juss. ex. Lam. (16, Ecuador to Bolivia) is the most proeminet member of Polemoniacae in habit, being small trees in some species (Angios Bergianska).
The unique Lecythidaceae apart tree ou shrubyy habit are some Napoleonaea (17, Guinea to Zambia), with suffrutex or vine habit (Prance & Jongkind, Kew Bulletin, 2015).
SLADENIACEAE
PENTAPHYLACACEAE
SAPOTACEAE
EBENACEAE
PRIMULACEAE
MITRASTEMONACEAE
THEACEAE
SYMPLOCACEAE
STYRACACEAE
DIAPENSIACEAE
SARRACENIACEAE
RORIDULACEAE
ACTINIDIACEAE
CLETHRACEAE
CYRILLACEAE
ERICACEAE
ONCOTHECALES
ONCOTHECACEAE
AQUIFOLIALES
AQUIFOLIACEAE
HELWINGIACEAE
PHYLLONOMACEAE
ICACINALES
ICACINACEAE
METTENIUSALES
METTENIUSACEAE
GARRYALES
GARRYACEAE
EUCOMMIACEAE
GENTIANALES
Hydnophytum Jack (54, Myanmar to NE Australia), Myrmecodia Jack (26, Vietnan to NE Australia), Myrmeconauclea Merr. (4, Borneo to Philippines), Myrmephytum Becc. (5, Philippines, Sulawesi, New Guinea), etc. are epiphytic or (Myrmeconauclea) rheophytic myrmecophytes (ant plants), in the hollow swollen stems and branches – hypocotylar bases – of which ant colonies live (Angios Bergianska).
LOGANIACEAE
GELSEMIACEAE
GENTIANACEAE
Lysianthus nigrescens
Lagenanthus
Dischidia major (Vahl) Merr. (Bangladesh to Philippines, up to NE Australia) are myrmecotrophic with ant colonies present in leaves (Angios Bergianska).
SUCCULENT STAPELIOID RADIATION ‣ besides many lienages of succulents in Apocynaceae outside Stepliids, this groups is the very charismaticous and emblematic; recent phylogenetic reconstructions in the Ceropegieae show that the 357 species of highly succulent stapeliads and four lineages of the 141 species of Brachystelma R.Br. ex Sims are nested within the 219 species of Ceropegia L.; thus, Ceropegia has 717 spp. in Macaronesia, widespread in Africa, S Europe, Arabian Peninsula, S Iran, Afghanistan to SE Asia, Himalaya to China to N Australia, Madagascar, found as slender climbers in forest-margins, in semi-arid places under or climbing on protective shrubs or in the open in semi-arid to arid habitats (Bruys et al., South African Journal of Botany, 2017).
Stapeliids s.s. occur Tanzania and Kenya to southern Arabian Peninsula (and Socotra), east up to Sahel, and up South Africa in southernn region, with sect. Apteranthes also in Macaronesia, in the Mediterranean region of Africa and southern Europe to the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan; sect. Caudanthera up to Pakistan; sect. Boucerosia up to India, western Nepal and Myanmar; sect. Frerea endemic to India; and sect. Stapelianthus endemic to Madagascar. Clade B has 201 spp. from South Africa to W and NE Africa, two species are found in the southern Arabian Peninsula, with two species that occur both on Madagascar and in Africa (C. ampliata E. Mey. and C. carnosa E. Mey.). No species are known from SE Asia in Clade B.
VAHLIALES ‣ absent in New World. One family, Vahliaceae.
SOLANALES
MONTINIACEAE
SPHENOCLEACEAE
HYDROLEACEAE
By consulting Wood et al. (PhytoKeys, 2020), it was possible to define, as a preliminary, a list of forms of Ipomoea that are tree-like.
Ipomoea arborescens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) G. Don - up to 15m tall, dry forest and scrub, mostly below 1000 m in western and central Mexico.Ipomoea murucoides Roem. & Schult. - up to 13m tall., dry scrub and open deciduous woodland from 600 to 2400 m from central Mexico south to Guatemala.Ipomoea wolcottiana Rose, Gard. & Forest - up to 13 m, dry, deciduous forest in scattered disjunct locations from Peru through Central America to southern Mexico at relatively low altitudes of 50–900 m.Ipomoea intrapilosa Rose, Gard. & Forest - up to 10m, endemic to dry scrub in central Mexico, mostly found in Jalisco but also reported from Zacatecas, Nayarit and Michoacán.Ipomoea pauciflora M. Martens & Galeotti - up to 7m tall., seasonally dry deciduous woodland mostly between 1000 and 2600 m from S Mexico to S Peru.Ipomoea teotitlanica McPherson - up to 5m tall., endemic to Oaxaca and neighbouring Puebla in Mexico, recorded as growing on steep sandstone slopes.
BORAGINALES
CODONACEAE
WELLSTEDIACEAE
BORAGINACEAE
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
NAMACEAE
HELIOTROPIACEAE
Coldenia procubens L, the single member of their genus, widely from Mauritania to Australia, Pakistan to South Africa, is the unique herb in Cordiaceae (Angios Bergianska).
EHRETIACEA
LAMIALES
PLOCOSPERMATACEAE
CARLEMANNIACEAE
OLEACEAE
TETRACHONDRACEAE
PELTANTHERACEAE
CALCEOLARIACEAE
Besleria macropoda
It is quite interesting that the two dominant lineages of Gesneriaceae are so concentrated in one hemisphere, yet each has an outlier in the opposite hemisphere.
PLANTAGINACEAE
SCROPHULARIACEAE
STILBACEAE
BYBLIDACEAE
LINDERNIACEAE ‣ no relevant exxotaxa.
Lindernia intrepida (Dinter ex Heil) Oberm. (= Chamaegigas intrepidus Dinter) from Namibia is poikilohydric aquatic resurrection plant (Angios Bergianska).
Possibly one carnivorous species in Mozambique, Crepidorhopalon droseroides.
THOMANDERSIACEAE
VERBENACEAE
PEDALIACEAE
SCHLEGELIACEAE
MARTYNIACEAE
BIGNONIACEAE
Despite the trees, shrubs or lianas habit of Bignoniaceae, Argylia D. Don. (13, Argentina, Chile, one up to Peru), Incarvillea (18, Kazakhsthan to China, Pakistan to SE Russia, inc. Niedzwedzkia) are perennial herbs, and Tourrettia Foug. (1, Mexico to Bolivia, east up to Venezuela, and Argentina) consists of twining perennial herbs (Angios Bergianska).
ACANTHACEAE
LENTIBULARIACEAE
LAMIACEAE
Clerodendrum Madagascar
MAZACEAE
PHRYMACEAE
PAULOWNIACEAE
WIGHTIACEAE
OROBANCHACEAE
CARDIOPTERIDALES
CARDIOPTERIDACEAE
STEMONURACEAE
ESCALLONIALES
ESCALLONIACEAE
Escalloniaceae are usually evergreen trees and shrubs, however Valdivia gayana J. Rémy (Chile) is a small shrub, Tribeles australis Phil. (Argentina and Chile) is a low procumbent and creeping shrub, and Eremosyne pectinata Endl. (Australia) is an annual herb (Angios Bergianska).
ASTERALES
ASTERACEAE
XX
Dendrosenecio (Hauman ex Hedberg) B.Nord., 12 spp., from R.D.Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda.
XX
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
FAIXAKS
NOTORIOUS DISJUNCTIONS
Rapateaceae
Fabaceae and Bromeliaceae were classically divided into three groups, and phylogenetic advances have shown that exactly one of each, Caesalpinioideae and Pitcairnioideae, were polyphyletic, with the remaining two clades in each embedded in a polytomy.
THE MOST COMMON PLANT ARCHITETURES: leafy trees (huge branched, pandaniformes, dracaeniformes), succulent trees (cactiformes), bambusoids, sucullent herbs (rhomboid cacti, discoid cacti, crassuloids, anacampserotoids), shrubs (comoon, spiny xeric, lax sprawling, paramic caulirosulas), herbs (grasses, juncoids, soil/rocky foresty herbs, alpine nanoherbs, prostrate gnaphalioids, incrustrants, submerged latifolious, agavoids closed, agavoid lax, xeric lax, delicate mycoheterotrophics, balanophoroids and alies, massive bloom desert and fynbos formation), palmoids (tiny cyclantoid, monopodial, rattan, branched), epiphtyic/lithophytes (pendulous, delicate rosettes in barks, tank bromeliids, rosette agavoids, cliff branched litophytes, cliff tillandsioids), lianes (woody, delicate, bauhinioids), cushions (lax, dense, rosettes), tall monopodious herbs (marantoid, zingiberoid, cannoid, musoid, huge aroids), aquatic plants (floating leaves, capilloides, podostemoids, herbal traditional).
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| some succulent status |
Old World is the centre of diversity of geocarpic ones, rheophytic Araceae, dissecation family-lineages, rattans (Arecaceae), mangroves and colorful nectaries. In mangroves, 54 spp. are true members, 8 in New World and 47 in Old World; 11 families has mangroves only in Old World (Wikipedia); geocarpy occur in 34 families, only 5 in New World (SAa); of 70 spp. with color nectar in World, only 16 occur in New World (SAa).
Odd plants in New World after South America includes Psittacanthus nuda from Honduras;
PANTROPICAL PLANTS
Ipomoea violacea L. (MAP)
HOLOMYCOTROPHS
In Monocots except Orchidaceae, mycothophs genera outside South America includes Petrosavia (3, Petrosaviaceae, E Asia), Afrothismia (), Haplothismia (), Oxygine (), Kihansia (), Kupea (), Seychellaria (), Hyalisma (), Andruris (), Corsia (), Corsiopsis (), and Geosiris (2, Australia and Madagascar)
In Orchidaceae, after South America, all holomycotroph Vanilloid members occur in 5 genera of mycotrophs occur in E Asia to Japan and Australia (44 spp., Cyrtosia, Eryhtroches, Galeola, Lecanorchis, Pseudovanilla), some into Madagascar; in Orchidioideae + Epidendroideae, members with locally distribution occur from E Asia to Australia (22/75), Africa to Madagascar (2/5), plus Cephalanthera (6 holomycotrophs, 1 in North America, 5 in E Asia), Corallorhiza (5 holomycotrophs, from North to Cental America), Didymoplexis (12, Africa to Asia), Epipogonium (3, Eurasia and Africa to Pacific), Eulophia (17, Africa to Pacific), Gastrodia (22, widely in Old World), Hexalectris (6, U.S.A. to Mexico), Limodorum (3, Mediterranean Basin), and Neottia (14, northern Hemisphere). Only three occur in New World (Corallorhiza, Cephalanthera, Hexalectris).
Among Eudicots, mycotrophs occur Epirixanthes (6, Polygalaceae, tropical Asia, including India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, China, and the Solomon Islands), 10 genera of Ericaceae: Cheilotheca (3, Asia), Hemitomes (1, W North America), Hypopitys (1, widely in northern Hemisphere up to Central America), Monotropastrum (2, E Asia), Monotropsis (2, E Asia), Pityopus (1, W North America), Pleuricospora (1, W North America), Pterospora (1, U.S.A. to Mexico), Pyrola (only P. aphylla, Canada to Mexico) and Sarcodes (1, W North America); Exacum (4, Himalayas throughout Southeast Asia to New Guinea) and Exochaenium (1, tropical Africa).
Begonia giganticaulis D.K.Tian & W.G.Wang from Tibet region in China is the largest Begonia worldwide (PhytoKeys, 2021).
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Euphorbia high diversity ‣ c
Epipytes Euphorbiaceae worldwide ‣ c
Parasitics after South America ‣ c
GIANTS TREES WORLDWIDE
Dense woody trees worldwide
Older trees worldwide
Giant caulirosulas Africa
Outsier cushions
Mimicry
sea grasses
Deep roots
Gypsophyllous-
Euphorbia subg. Chamaescyce (Euphorbiaceae) is the only taxonomic group at the lower level than the genus with photosynthesis C³, C², C4 and CAM, with C2 in this group occurring only in E. acuta Engelm. (USA) and E. johnstoni Mayfield (Mexico); for both, see Sage et al. (Journal of Experimental Botany, 2011).
Paris japonica
CARNIVOROUS ‣ considering the genera of carnivorous plants that do not occur in South America, all are geographically disjoint except Darlingtonia ✕ Triantha in W U.S.A., Dionaea ✕ Sarracenia in E U.S.A., Triphyophyllum ✕ Aldrovanda in W Africa, Nepenthes ✕ Byblis and Aldrovanda ✕ Byblis in N Australia and southern New Guinea, and Cephalotus ✕ Byblis ✕ Aldrovanda in SW Australia.
Parasitaxus ustus
Bulbophyllum nocnortum
Colobanthus quitensis
Deschampsia atlantica
Adansonia digitata
A group of researchers has been carrying out expeditions since August 2019 in search of the giant trees of the Amazon. The research project is funded by the Iratapuru Fund and the UEAP Fund, under the coordination of the Federal Institute of Amapá, Campus Laranjal do Jari ().
Prior to 2009 reports of giant trees in the Amazon were sparse and fragmented; consistent surveys based on this one were able to detect for the first time documented trees above 70m. (Gorgens, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2019). Analysis of 594 airborne laser transects (375 ha each) obtained from airborne laser scanning (ALS) surveys conducted within the Amazon basin led to the discovery of a tree with a height of 88.5 m. It is surrounded by seven other trees taller than 80 m and many more above 75 m.
In the first expedition, which took place in August 2019, Brazilian and British researchers located the largest tree in the Amazon, 88 meters high. The specimen, located in the Paru State Forest, located in the state of Pará, in the Calha Norte of the Amazon River, is of the species Dinizia excelsa, popularly known as red angelim, and is 5.5 meters in circumference.
In the second expedition, which took place in January 2021, the largest chestnut tree (Berthollhetia excelsa) ever recorded in the Amazon was found, with 66.66 meters in height, also located on the RDS of the Iratapuru River. Another red angelim measuring 79.19 meters in height and 6.8 meters in diameter was also found at the time.
The third expedition took place in September 2021 in the municipality of Porto Grande, in the region of the Cupixi River, on the limits of the State Forest of Amapá. The researchers found another red angelim 85.44 meters tall and with a circumference of 9.45 meters. This tree found is considered the second largest in the Amazon region visited in loco and the largest tree ever recorded in the state of Amapá.
The project intends to map a total of 7 trees larger than 80 meters. The next expedition will take place from the 5th to the 7th of November, in the Agroextractive Settlement on the Maracá River, and intends to map a tree 83.44 meters high.
Trees exceeded 50 m in height across many parts of the Brazilian Amazon, but trees over 80 m were only observed in the eastern Amazon (micro-region III, Roraima Province/(Gorgens et al., Global Change Biology/Pre-print, 2021)).
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| Maps of the Brazilian Amazon showing the location of trees > 50 m, > 60 m, > 70 m, and > 80 m in height (Gorgens et al., Global Change Biology/Pre-print, 2021). |
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| Maximum tree height distribution when FAPAR values under 80% were excluded from analysis (Gorgens et al., Global Change Biology/Pre-print, 2021) |
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