MEXICO ✕ BRAZIL BOTANY COMPARATIONS ✅

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km², making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with approximately 126,014,024 in., it is the 10th-most-populous country and has the most Spanish-speakers. 

1. VASCULAR PLANTS

By Vascular Plants of America (VPA, in February 04, 2023), Brazil has 34,784 spp. of vascular plants, Mexico has 23,516.

Mexico has 254 families in angiosperms, and Brazil has only 236.

Mexico has huge diversties against Brazil: conifers (4:9/86 ✕ 2:3/9), cycads (1:3/68 ✕ 1:1/7), Fagales (5:11/162 ✕ 0:0/0), succulent Crassulaceae (1/384 ✕ 0/0), Agave (221 ✕ 0), Euphorbia (246 ✕ 64) and Brassicaceae (43/214 ✕ 3/11).

Mexico has 162 spp. of Gymnosperms, almost twice as much as in all of South America (86).

2. BIGGER NUMBERS

Only 4 families exceed 1,000 sp. in Mexico (Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae); in Brazil are eight. In Mexico only 5 genera exceed 200 spp. (Sedum, Salvia, Euphorbia, Tillandsia and Agave), the two firsts above 300 spp.; in Brazil are 13 more than 200 spp., inc. 6 more than 300 spp.: three at 300-400 spp. (Piper, Mimosa, Croton), two at 400-500 spp. (Eugenia, Myrcia), one over 500 spp. (Miconia). In all 20 largest families in Mexico Brazil has more species except Asteraceae, Cactaceae, Crassulaceae and Boraginaceae.

4 unbrazilian orders occur in Mexico: Fagales, Huertales (2:2/3), Austrobayleaceae (1:2/2) and Garryales (1:1/9). Brazil has only two unmexican orders: Cardiopteridales (2:2/10) and Escalloniales (1:1/9). 

Compared diversities Brazil ✕ Mexico: Poaceae (1,300 ✕ 1,043), Fabaceae (2,818 ✕ 1,895), Orchidaceae (2,734 ✕ 1,276), Melastomataceae (1,454 ✕ 205), Myrtaceae (1,153 ✕ 128), Bromeliaceae (1,415 ✕ 448), Arecaceae (266 ✕ 98), Euphorbiaceae (997 ✕ 716) Ericaceae (95 ✕ 80), Cactaceae (258 ✕ 705), Asparagaceae (14 ✕ 455), Asteraceae (2,041 ✕ 3,065).

3. COMPARATION BRAZIL ✕ MEXICO IN FAMILIES

Mexico has 51 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil (125/686 overall).

29 occur in South America (95/598): Tovariaceae (1/1), Phyllonomaceae (1/1), Coriariaceae (1/1), Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/3), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Actinidiaceae (1/21), Hydrangeaceae (6/36), Tapisciaceae (1/1), Dipentodontaceae (1/2), Melanthiaceae (4/36), Grossulariaceae (1/23), Juglandaceae (4/14), Saxifragaceae (4/20), Fagaceae (2/138), Betulaceae (4/6), Polemoniaceae (22/105), Cornaceae (1/4), Koeberliniaceae (1/1), Tetrachondraceae (1/1), Zosteraceae (2/3), Hamamelidaceae (3/3), Frankeniaceae (1/5), Papaveraceae (10/44), Phrymaceae (7/48), Myricaceae (1/3), Montiaceae (5/27), Anacampserotaceae (1/1) and Namaceae (4/48). 

 

22 do not (30/88): Balsaminaceae (1/1), Nyssaceae (1/1), Setchellanthaceae (1/1), Sarcobataceae (1/1), Fouquieriaceae (1/11), Simmondisiaceae (1/1), Crossossomataceae (3/5), Stegnospermataceae (1/3), Guamatelaceae (1/1), Petenaeaceae (1/1), Plocospermataceae (1/1), Ticodendraceae (1/1), Resedaceae (2/10), Datiscaceae (1/1), Paeoniaceae (1/1), Saururaceae (2/2), Platanaceae (1/5), Schisandraceae (2/2), Liliaceae (4/26), Garryaceae (1/9), Altingiaceae (1/1) and Iteaceae (1/3) - large genera are Fouquiera, Calochortus and Forchhammeria.

Velloziaceae alone includes more species in Brazil than the 44 least representative families of the cluster in Mexico. 4 families correspond to 1/3 of the genera in this cluster: Polemoniaceae, Papaveraceae, Phrymaceae and Hydrangeaceae. 

Considering that Brazil has 9 genera of Rapateaceae and 8 of Humiriaceae, the most representative families in Mexico of this cluster above 9 genera (Polemoniaceae and Papaveraceae) include, together, 32 genera, around 1/4 of the total cluster.

Considering that Brazil has 39 spp. of Rapateaceae and 35 of Humiriaceae, the most representative families in Mexico of this cluster above 39 (Fagaceae, Polemoniaceae, Namaceae and Papaveraceae) include, together, 389 spp. around 59% of the total species in the cluster.

In contrast, only 34 Brazilian families do not occur in Mexico: Hydnoraceae, Tofiediaceae, Nartherciaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae, Taccaceae, Thismiaceae, Velloziaceae, Rapateaceae, Thurniaceae, Strelitziaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Humiriaceae, Peridiscaceae, Lepidobotryceae, Quillajaceae, Euphroniaceae, Goupiaceae, Caryocaraceae, Ixonanthaceae, Bonnetiaceae, Vivianiaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Microteaceae, Strombosiaceae, Aptandraceae, Coulaceae, Olacaceae, Tetrameristaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Stemonuraceae, Calyceraceae, Escalloniaceae, Griseliniaceae.

21 Mexican unbrazilian families are monotypic in Mexico: Balsaminaceae, Tovariaceae, Phyllonomaceae, Coriariaceae, Nelumbonaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Tapisciaceae, Koeberliniaceae, Tetrachondraceae, Anacampserotaceae, Nyssaceae, Setchellanthaceae, Sarcobataceae, Simmondisiaceae, Guamatelaceae, Petenaeaceae, Plocospermataceae, Ticodendraceae, Datiscaceae, Paeoniaceae and Altingiaceae. 

 

12 are monogeneric irradiations 2-22 spp.: Actinidiaceae, Grossulariaceae, Fouquieriaceae, Garryaceae, Cytinaceae, Dipentodontaceae, Cornaceae, Frankeniaceae, Myricaceae, Stegnospermataceae, Platanaceae and Iteaceae. 

 

18 families has more one genus: Fagaceae (2/138), Polemoniaceae (22/105), Phrymaceae (7/48), Namaceae (4/46), Papaveraceae (10/44), Hydrangeaceae (6/36), Melanthiaceae (4/36), Montiaceae (5/27), Liliaceae (4/26), Saxifragaceae (4/20), Juglandaceae (4/14), Betulaceae (4/6), Zosteraceae (2/3), Hamamelidaceae (3/3), Crossossomataceae (3/5), Resedaceae (2/10), Saururaceae (2/2), Schisandraceae (2/2).

13 of Brazilian unmexican families are monotypic in Brazil: Xanthorrhoeaceae, Taccaceae, Thurniaceae, Strelitziaceae, Peridiscaceae, Lepidobotryceae, Quillajaceae, Euphroniaceae, Goupiaceae, Coulaceae, Tetrameristaceae, Stemonuraceae and Griseliniaceae. 

 

12 are monogeneric irradiations 2-20 spp.: Hydnoraceae, Tofiediaceae, Nartherciaceae, Thismiaceae, Vivianiaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Microteaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Strombosiaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Calyceraceae, Escalloniaceae. 

 

9 families has more one genus: Velloziaceae, Rapateaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Humiriaceae, Caryocaraceae, Ixonanthaceae, Bonnetiaceae, Aptandraceae and Olacaceae.

4. REPRESENTATIVE GENERA

Among representative-order genera absents in Brazil ('unbrazilian'), Mexico has Buxus (6), Canella (1), Cornus (4), Crossossoma (3), Cucurbita (16), Fagus (1), Malva (3), Garrya (9), Gentiana (15), Huertea (1), Lilium (3), Malpighia (25), Rosa (7) and Vitis (15). These genera together have 109 spp. in the country.

5. MORPHOLOGICAL NOTES

Comparing with Brazil, Mexico stands out in herbaceous Bignoniaceae, succulent Crassulaceae, diversity of Pinguicula, cushions (13, all in Caryophyllales), sea grasses, fungi symbiotics in Fagales, nectar spur plants, holoparasitics in Ehretiaceae, Cytinaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Ericaceae, and Orobanchaceae.

Mexico has six unbrazilian sea grasses: Vallisneria americana Michx., Thalassia testudinum Banks & Sol. ex K.D. Koenig, Halophila engelmannii Asch., Syringodium filiforme Kütz., Phyllospadix scouleri Hook., P. torreyi S. Watson, and Zostera marina L.

Mexico includes only 74 spp. of carnivorous plants in five genera: Drosera brevifolia Pursh, D. capillaris Poir., Catopsis berteroniana (Schult. & Schult. f.) Mez, Genlisea filiformis A. St.-Hil., Pinguincula (50) and Utricularia (20). In contrast, uniquely in Utricularia, Brazil has 78 spp.

In Parasitics non-Santalales, Mexico has Cuscuta (62 ✕ 22 BR), Cassytha (1 ✕ 1 BR), Krameria (9 ✕ 5 BR) and Pilostyles (3 ✕ 1 BR), all widely in Brazil. Rafflesiaceae and Cymonoriaceae are absents in New World. Lennoa, Mitrastemon and Bdalophytum occur only in Mexico. Prosopanche and Apodanthes only in Brazil. In Santalales, Mexico has three Ximenia (✕ 3 BR), (2/)2 spp. of Balanophoraceae (✕ 12 BR), four Schoepfia (✕ 3 BR), three Agonandra (✕ 5 BR), 52 Loranthaceae (✕ 129 BR) and 92 Santalaceae (✕ 68 BR).

Among Mexican monocot mycoheterotrophics, Corallorhiza (7) and Hexalectris (8), both Orchidaceae, does not occut in Brazil. Brazilian genera Campylosiphon, Hexapterella, Miersiella, Thismia, Peltophyllum, Sciaphila, Soridium, Platythelys, Uleiorchis, Pogoniopsis and Wullscglaegelia does not occur in Mexico. In Eudicots, Mexican Hypopitys (1), Pterospora (1), Pyrola (1) and Sarcodes (1) does not occur in Brazil. Brazilian Voyriella does not occur in Mexico.

Mexico includes the unique epiphytic Valeriana worldwide (PhytoKeys), also epiphytic Solanum (Systematic Botany), all six largest members of Ipomoea (Almanaque Z), the unique aphyllous members of Psittacanthus (lacks sources), and tallest members in New World of Euphorbia (Taxon) and Ericaceae (lacks sources), and in Neotropics in Apiaceae (Revista de Biologia Tropical), and the unique record of isophasic parasitism in Phoradendron (Acta Botanica Mexicana).

6. ENDEMIC GENERA

Mexican endemic genera in families without endemic genera in Brazil includes 17 families, namely Asparagaceae, Boraginaceae, Burseraceae, Campanulaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Caricaceae, Crossossomataceae, Brassicaceae, Iteaceae, Loasaceae, Oleaceae, Onagraceae, Polemoniaceae, Polygonaceae, Rosaceae, Setchellanthaceae and Zygophyllaceae (four, in bold, does not occur in Brazil; excludes, due to recent changes or over range, Cyperaceae, Papaveraceae and Verbenaceae); counterpart list includes 32 families, Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Araceae, Arecaceae, Balanophoraceae, Bignoniaceae, Capparaceae, Cleomaceae, Clusiaceae, Connaraceae, Convolvulaceae, Ehretiaceae, Humiriaceae, Iridaceae, Lamiaceae, Linderniaceae, Lythraceae, Martyniaceae, Melastomataceae, Menispermaceae, Monimiaceae, Myrtaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Ochnaceae, Olacaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Plantaginaceae, Polygalaceae, Rhamnaceae, Salicaceae, Trigoniaceae and Violaceae.

7. SPECIFIC GROUPS

Mexico has 162 spp. of Fagales in 11 genera at 5 families, 137 in Quercus, also in Fagus (1), Alfaroa (3), Carya (5), Juglans (5), Oreomunnea (1), Alnus (4), Carpinus (1), Ostrya (1), Morella (3), and Ticodendron (1).

Mexico has 86 conifers (3^th diversity worldwide), 58 in Pinaceae (47 Pinus, 2 Picea, 9 Abies), 24 of Cupressaceae (one Calocedrus, 4 Hesperocyparis, 18 Juniperus, one Taxodium), one Taxaceae (Taxus) and 3 Podocarpaceae (all Podocarpus) - c. 6/7 pines, firs or junipers, 12 remaining in six genera at 4 families.

New World has 134 spp. of cycads (WCSPF) in Ceratozamia (36, 35 in Mexico, one of them up to Guatemala and Belize, and one endemic to Honduras, by Martínez-Domínguez, Phytotaxa, 2022), Dioon (18, 17 in Mexico and one endemic to Honduras), Microcycas (1, W. Cuba), Zamia (80, SE. U.S.A., Mexico to trop. America). Mexico has 68 spp. in three genera (a half of New World diversity), 63 endemics, the 2th diversity of cycads worldwide.

Mexico has 214 spp. of Brassicaceae in 43 genera.

Mexican Ranunculaceae: Aconitum (1), Anemone (3), Aquilegia (6), Clematis (15), Delphinium (20), Myosurus (2), Ranunculus (22), Thalictrum (28).

Remarkable plants in Mexico includes Mexipedium (Orchidaceae, SEE).

Mexico has only two species of Vochysiaceae and a single of Lecythidaceae (Eschweilera mexicana T. Wendt, S.A. Mori & Prance, endemic). Brazil has 163 and 120 spp. in these families, respectively.

Notes about Mexican palms: Pulido-Silva et al. (The Botanical Review, 2022).

Hechtiodeae lineage is one of eight subfamilies of Bromeliaceae with at least 84 species formally recognize in three genera, highly centered in Mexico: Bakerantha L.B. Sm. (5, highlands of center Mexico), Hechtia Klotzsch (76, Texas to Guatemala) and Mesoamerantha I. Ramírez & K. Romero (3, Guatemala to Nicaragua); for datails, see Rivera-Martínezet al. (Botanical Sciences, 2022).

8. COMPARATION FAMILY-BY-FAMILY, IN COMMON FAMILIES

MEXICO MORE GENERA AND ...

.. MEXICO MORE SPECIES (34) 

 

Typhaceae, Ranunculaceae, Buxaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Surianaceae, Rosaceae, Ulmaceae, Cannabaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Anacardiaceae, Geraniaceae, Onagraceae, Staphylleaceae, Cistaceae, Bixaceae, Mutingiaceae, Brassicaceae, Polygonaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Amaranthaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Phytolacaceae, Achatocarpaceae, Cactaceae, Loasacaceae, Boraginaceae, Ehretiaceae, Oleaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Orobanchaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Asteraceae, Campanulaceae, Apiaceae.

.. EQUAL SPECIES 

 

Cymodoceaceae, Caricaceae.

... BRAZIL MORE SPECIES 

 

Cabombaceae, Hernandiaceae, Vitaceae, Celastraceae, Hypericaceae, Malvaceae (MX 78 ✕ 74 BR), Cleomaceae, Pentaphyllacaceae, Primulaceae, Ericaceae, Urticaceae, Acanthaceae, Schlegeliaceae, Gesneriaceae, Verbenaceae, Lentibulariaceae.

BRAZIL MORE GENERA AND ...

... BRAZIL MORE SPECIES (77) 

 

Myristicaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, Monimiaceae, Piperaceae, Burmanniaceae, Araceae, Triuridaceae, Cyclanthaceae, Alstroemeriaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Iridaceae, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, Haemodoraceae, Costaceae, Marantaceae, Xyridaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Cyperaceae, Menispermaceae, Proteaceae, Dilleniaceae, Connaraceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Clusiaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Ochnaceae, Podostemaceae, Trigoniaceae, Achariaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Lacistemaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Malpighiaceae, Violaceae, Passifloraceae, Salicaceae, Peraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Polygalaceae, Moraceae, Burseraceae, Sapindaceae, Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Simaroubaceae, Picramniaceae, Combretaceae, Lythraceae, Vochysiaceae, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Thymelaeaceae, Capparaceae, Petiveriaceae, Marcgraviaceae, Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae, Symplocaceae, Styracaceae, Ximeniaceae, Erythropalaceae, Balanophoraceae, Loranthaceae, Metteniusaceae, Icacinaceae, Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae, Loganiaceae, Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, Linderniaceae, Bignoniaceae, Araliaceae.

... EQUAL SPECIES 

 

Schoepfiaceae.

... MEXICO MORE SPECIES 

 

Commelinaceae, Sabiaceae, Haloragaceae, Linaceae, Rhamnaceae, Apodanthaceae, Santalaceae, Martyniaceae, Lamiaceae.

EQUAL GENERA AND...

... MEXICO MORE SPECIES 

 

Magnoliaceae, Ruppiaceae, Juncaginaceae, Juncaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Berberidaceae, Gunneraceae, Krameriaceae, Elatinaceae, Picrodendraceae, Plumbaginaceae, Aizoaceae, Basellaceae, Talinaceae, Clethraceae, Heliotropiaceae, Calceolariaceae, Viburnaceae.

... BRAZIL MORE SPECIES 

 

Nymphaeaceae, Chloranthaceae, Siparunaceae, Canellaceae, Winteraceae, Aristolochiaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Alismataceae, Dioscoreaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Smilacaceae, Pontederiaceae, Heliconiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae, Mayacaceae, Oxalidaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Begoniaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Droseraceae, Molluginaceae, Theaceae, Opiliaceae, Cordiaceae, Solanaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Aquifoliaceae.

... EQUAL SPECIES 

 

Ceratophyllaceae, Putranjivaceae, Bataceae, Portulacaceae, Hydroleaceae, Cyrillaceae, Menyanthaceae. 

9. TAXONOMY 

NYMPHAEALES 

 

CABOMBACEAE ‣ Brasenia in Mexico. 

 

NYMPHAEACEAE ‣ Nuphar (1) and Nymphaea subg. Nymphaea in Mexico.

 

AUSTROBAILEYALES 

 

SCHISANDRACEAE (2/2, Illicium floridanum J. Ellis, Schisandra glabra (Brickell) Rehder).

 

MAGNOLIALES 

 

MAGNOLIACEAE ‣ Mexico includes 30 spp. of Magnolia in all three subgenera in New World.
 

LAURALES 

 

LAURACEAE ‣ Mexico includes Litsea and Umbellaria. 

 

HERNANDIACEAE ‣ Mexico includes Gyrocarpus (3) and more Hernandia. 

 

PIPERALES 

 

SAURURACEAE (2/2, Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn., Saururus cernuus L.). 

 

ALISMATALES 

 

HYDROCHARITACEAE ‣ Thalassia and Vallisneria in Mexico.

 

CYMODOCEACEAE ‣ Syringodium in Mexico.

 

ZOSTERACEAE (2/3, Phyllospadix scouleri Hook., P. torreyi S. Watson, Zostera marina L.). 

 

LILIALES 

 

MELANTHIACEAE (4/36). 

 

LILIACEAE (4/27). 

 

ASPARAGALES 

 

ORCHIDACEAE ‣ not analyzed.

 

IRIDACEAE ‣ Mexico has Iris (only I. missourensis), Nemastylis, Orthrosanthus and Tigridia.

 

AMARYLLIDACEAE ‣ Mexico has Allium (27).

 

ASPARAGACEAE (38/470) ‣ data from POWO (21.08.23).

 

Agavoideae (8/288) - Agave (221), Beschorneria (8), Furcraea (15), Hesperaloe (7), Hesperocallis (1), Hesperoyucca (1), Hooveria (1), Yucca (34).

Anthericoideae (1/70) - Echeandia (70).

Asparagaceae (1/5) - Hemiphylacus (5).

Ruscaceae (6/75) - Beaucarnea (12), Dasylirion (23), Dracaena (1), Maianthemum (11), Nolina (27), Polygnonatum (1).

Themidaceae (12/32) - Bessera (3), Bloomeria (2), Brodiaea (3), Dandya (1), Dipterostemon (1), Jaimehintonia (1), Milla (10), Muilla (1), Petronymphe (2), Triteleia (2), Triteleiopsis (1), Xochiquetzallia (5).

 

POALES 

 

TYPHACEAE ‣ Mexico has Sparganium. 

 

BROMELIACEAE ‣ 450 spp., 4/5 in Tillandsia, Pitcairnia or Hechtia. Unbrazilian: Bakerantha, Hechtia (Hechtioideae), Pseudoalcantarea, Viridantha (Tillandsioideae), Androlepis, Greigia, Ursulaea (Bromelioideae). 

 

CYPERACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Scirpus, Scirpoides (ex Karinia, SEE), Amphiscirpus. 

 

POACEAE ‣ Puellioidea no occur in New World. Mexico leads in generic and specific diversity in Pooideae, Arundionoideae and Chloridiodeae. 148 genera in country, only 22 outside South America, 4 endemics: Olmeca, Metcalfia, Hopia and Sohnsia.

 

ANOMOCHLOIDEAE - (1/)2 spp. in Mexico, (2/4) in Brazil. 

 

PHAROIDEAE - (1/)4 spp. in Mexico, also 4 in Brazil. 

 

ORYZOIDEAE - (5/)12 spp.; Mexico has one more Leersia. 

 

BAMBUSOIDEAE - (11/)59 spp. in Mexico. All genera occur in Brazil except two in Guiaduinae, Otatea and Olmeca (5, endemic); Brazil leads in all common genera except Rhipidocladum. 

 

POOIDEAE - Mexico has (33/)211 spp.; all genera occur in South America except Hesperostipa, Achnatherum, Metcalfia, Pseudoroegneria, Sphenopholis and Limnodea; largest diversities: Festuca (33), Agrostis (20), Bromus (20), Poa (17), Trisetum (13), Achnantherum (18), Calamagrostis (11).

 

ARISTIDOIDEAE - (1/)31 spp. in Mexico, (1/)37 in Brazil. 

 

PANICOIDEAE - (58/)424 spp. in Mexico; largest diversities: Paspalum (90), Panicum (37), Digitaria (24), Setaria (23), Dichanthelium (17), Andropogon (14), Cenchrus (17), Urochloa (13), Lasiascis (13), Tripsacum (12). Only 4 genera does not occur in South America: Chasmanthium, Aakia, Hopia and Zea.

 

ARUNDINOIDEAE - Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. in Mexico. 

 

MICRAIROIDEAE - a single New World genus, 3 spp. in Mexico, 4 in Brazil. 

 

DANTHONIOIDEAE - (1/)3 spp. in Mexico, (2/)8 spp. in Brazil. 

 

CHLORIDOIDEAE - (35/)314 spp.; largests are Muhlenbergia (131), Bouteloua (53), Sporobolus (34), Eragrostis (32), Hilaria (10), Leptochloa (10). All genera occur in South America except Allolepis, Hilaria, Kalinia, Sohnsia, Orcuttia, Tuctoria, Tetrapogon, Dinebra, Dasyochloa, Tridentopsis and Triplasis.

 

 

COMMELINALES 

 

COMMELINACEAE ‣ Mexico includes Gibasodes, Matudanthus, Thyrsanthemum and Waldenia.

 

ZINGIBERALES 

 

MARANTACEAE ‣ Mexico has Pleiostachya.

 

RANUNCULALES 

 

PAPAVERACEAE (10/44). 

 

MENISPERMACEAE ‣ Mexico has Cocculus and Menispermus. 

 

RANUNCULACEAE ‣ Mexico has Aconitum, Aquileja, Delphinium, Myosurus, Thalictrum and Trautvetteria. 

 

PROTEALES 

 

NELUMBONACEAE (1/1). 

 

PLATANACEAE (1/5).

 

BUXALES 

 

BUXACEAE ‣ Mexico has Buxus and Sarcococca.

SAXIFRAGALES 

 

PAEONIACEAE (1/1). 

 

ALTINGIACEAE (1/1). 

 

HAMAMELIDACEAE (3/3). 

 

CRASSULACEAE ‣ Mexico has 5 spp. of Crassula and 384 of Sedum. 

 

ITEACEAE (1/1). 

 

GROSSULARIACEAE (1/23) 

 

SAXIFRAGACEAE (4/20). 

VITALES 

 

VITACEAE ‣ Mexico has Ampelocissus, Ampelopsis, Parthenocissus and Vitis. 

 

ZYGOPHYLLALES 

 

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE ‣ Mexico includes Fagonia, Guaiacum, Larrea, Morkillia, Sericodes and Viscainoa.

 

CELASTRALES

 

CELASTRACEAE ‣ Mexico includes unbrazilian Acanthothamnus, Canotia, Crossopetalum, Elaeodendron, Euonymus, Gyminda, Mortonia, Orthosphenia, Parnassia, Paxistima, Quetzalia, Rzedowskia, Tricerma and Wimmeria.

 

MALPIGHIALES 

 

CALOPHYLLACEAE ‣ Mexico has Mammea. 

 

MALPIGHIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Calcicola, Cottsia, Echinopterys, Gaudichaudia, Lasiocarpus, Malpighia, Psychopterys. 

 

CHRYSOBALANACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Geobalanus [✕ Exellodendron]. 

 

ACHARIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Chiangiodendron. 

 

VIOLACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Hybanthus, Ixchelia and Orthion. 

 

PASSIFLORACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Erblichia [✕ Oxosssia]. 

 

SALICACEAE ‣ Mexico has Bartholomaea, Hasseltiopsis, Neopringlea, Populus. 

 

EUPHORBIACEAE

 

Acalyphoideae ▸ Plukenettae - Mexico has unbrazilian Acidocroton, Zuckertia. 

 

Acalyphoideae ▸ Adelieae - Mexico has unbrazilian Enriquebeltrania. 

 

Acalyphoideae ▸ Chrozophoreae - Mexico has unbrazilian Argythamnia. 

 

Crotonoideae ▸ Aleuritideae - Mexico has unbrazilian Garcia. 

 

Euphorbioideae▸ Hipomaneae - Mexico has unbrazilian Dalembertia, Hippomane.

 

PHYLLANTHACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Andrachne and Phyllanthopsis.

 

PICRODENDRACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Tetracoccus. 

 

LINACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Hesperolinon [✕ Cliococca].

 

FABALES 

 

FABACEAE ‣ Mexico has 57 genera absent in Brazil. 

 

Cercidioideae - Cercis.

Faboideae ▸ CLADRASTIDOIDS CLADE (3/18) - Styphnolobium.

Faboideae ▸ CLADRASTIDOIDS CLADE - Pickeringia.

Faboideae ▸ DIPTERYGEAE (17/c 80) - Myrospermum.

Faboideae ▸ GENISTOIDEAE - Brongniartia.

Faboideae ▸ DALBERGIOIDEAE - Amicia, Amorpha, Apoplanesia, Chapmannia, Dalea, Diphysa, Errazurizia, Eysenhardtia, Marina, Psorothamnus.

Faboideae ▸ Phaseoloideae - Cologania, Hesperothamnus, Hoita, Hylodesmum, Lespedeza, Orbexilum, Oxyrhynchus, Pachyrhizus, Pediomelum, Phaseolus, Piscidia, Ramirezella, Rupertia.

Faboideae ▸ ROBINIEAE - Genistidium, Gliricidia, Lennea, Olneya, Peteria, Robinia.

Faboideae ▸ Dermatophylleae - Dermatophyllum.

FaboideaeE ▸ LOTEAE - Acmispon, Hosackia.

Faboideae ▸ GLYCYRRHIZEAE - Glycyrrhiza.

Faboideae ▸ HEDYSAREAE - Astragalus.

Caesalpinioidae▸ DIMORPHANDRA CLADE A - Conzattia

Caesalpinioideae ▸ Caesalpinioideae - Caesalpinia, Coulteria, Haematoxylum, Hoffmannseggia.

Caesalpiniideae ▸ Mimoseae - Acaciella, Calliandropsis, Ebenopsis, Havardia, Guinetia, Leucaena, Lysiloma, Mariosousa, Painteria, Prosopidastrum, Pseudosamanea, Sphinga, Strombocarpa.

Caesalpinioideae ▸ Schizolobieae - Heteroflorum.

 

POLYGALACEAE ‣ Mexico has Hebecarpa and Rhinotropis. 

 

SURIANACEAE ‣ Mexico has Recchia. 

 

ROSALES 

 

ROSACEAE ‣ 193 spp. Mexico includes Adenostoma, Amelanchier, Cercocarpus, Chamaebatia, Crataegus, Drymocallis, Fallugia, Fragaria, Heteromeles, Holodiscus, Horkelia, Ivesia, Lachemilla, Lindleya, Malacomeles, Petrophytum, Photinia, Physocarpus, Potentilla, Purshia, Rosa, Vauquelinia, Xerospiraea.

 

RHAMNACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Adolphia, Ceanothus, Karwinskia, Krugiodendron [✕ Scutia], Sageretia, Ventia [✕ Rhamnidium]. 

 

ULMACEAE ‣ Mexico has Ulmus. 

 

CANNABACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Aphananthe, Lozanella, Humulus. 

 

MORACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Morus.

 

URTICACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Discocnide, Gyrotaenia, Hesperocnide, Rousselia.

 

CUCURBITALES 

 

CORIARIACEAE (1/1). 

 

CUCURBITACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Cionosicys, Cucurbita, Doyerea, Hanburia, Ibervillea, Marah, Microsechium, Parasicyos, Peponopsis,Polyclathra, Schizocarpum, Sechiopsis, Sicyosperma, Tecunumania, Tumamoca.

 

DATISCACEAE (1/1).

 

FAGALES 

 

FAGACEAE (2/138).

 

MYRICACEAE (1/3)

 

JUGLANDACEAE (4/14).

 

TICODENDRACEAE (1/1).

 

BETULACEAE (4/6).

 

HUERTALES

TAPISCIACEAE (1/1).

 

DIPENTODONTACEAE (1/2).

GERANIALES 

 

GERANIACEAE ‣ Mexico has California.

 

MYRTALES 

 

ONAGRACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Camissonia, Camissoniopsis, Chylismia, Clarkia, Eremothera, Eulobus, Gayaphyton, Hauya, Lopezia, Megacorax, Tetrapteron, Xylonagra.

LYTHRACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Ginoria absent in Brazil.

MYRTACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Chamguava, Mosiera.

MELASTOMATACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Heterocentron, Schwackaea, Stanmarkia.
 

CROSSOSOMATALES 

 

CROSSOSSOMATACEAE (3/5).

 

GUAMATELACEAE (1/1).

 

STAPHYLEACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Turpinia.

 

SAPINDALES - in all families Brazil has more spp. and genera tham Mexico, except Anacardiaceae, in both lists. 

 

ANACARDIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Actincheita, Amphipterygium, Attilaea, Bonetiella, Comocladia, Cotinus, Malosma, Metopium, Mosquitoxylon, Pachycormus, Pistacia, Pseudosmodingium, Rhus, Toxicodendron.

BURSERACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Beiselia.

SAPINDACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Acer, Aesculus, Billa, Blomia, Exothea, Toiunidium, Ungdania.

 

RUTACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Amyris, Coysia, Cneoridium, Decatrops, Decazyx, Megastigma, Peltostigma, Polyaster, Ptelea, Stauranthus, Thamnosma.

 

MALVALES 

 

THYMELAEACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Dirca.

 

BIXACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Amoreuxia.

 

CISTACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Helianthemum and Lechea.

 

CYTINACEAE (1/1).

 

MUNTINGIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Dicraspsidia.

 

MALVACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Allowissadula, Anotea, Bastardiastrum, Batesimalva, Bernoullia, Billieturnera, Callirhoe, Carpodiptera, Chiranthodendron, Dendrosida, Dirhamphis, Eremalche, Fremontodendron, Fryxellia, Fuertesimalva, Hampea, Hermannia, Horsfordia, Kearnemalvastrum, Kosteletzkya, Malacothamnus, Malva, Malvella, Meximalva, Mortoniodendron, Neobrittonia, Periptera, Phymosia, Physodium, Reevesia, Robinsonella, Sidalcea, Tarasa, Tilia, Trichospermum.

 

BRASSICALES 

 

CARICACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Carica, Horovotzia, Jarilla (all composed a uniquelly monopyletic lineage). 

 

SETCHELLANTHACEAE (1/1).

KOEBERLINIACEAE (1/1).

RESEDACEAE (2/10).

 

TOVARIACEAE (1/1).

 

CAPPARACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Atamisquea, Caphexandra, Neocapparis, Quadrella.

 

CLEOMACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Andinocleome, Iltisella, Cleomella, Polanisia, Cochranella.

 

BRASSICACEAE ‣ Mexico has 212 spp. in this family in 42 genera, 31 in Thelypodieae, Cardamineae, Physareae and Halimolobeae, all South Americam groups.

 

:: 27 genera does not occur in South America, 21 of them in Thelypodieae, Cardamineae and Physareae. Remaining: Athysanus, Boechera, Erysimum, Sphaerocardamum, Asta and Scoliaxon. 

 

:: largest genera (109 spp. united): Physaria (23), Lepidium (19), Rorippa (11), Romanschulzia (10), Cardamine, Descurainia, Draba and Dryopetalum nine each.

 

ARABODEAE (2/10) - Athysanus (2), Draba (9), Tomostima (3)

BRASSICEAE (15/61)

 

Coluteocarpeae (1/2) - Noccaea (2)

Thelypodieae (13/56) - Chaunanthus (4), Dryopetalon (9), Hesperidanthus (1), Mostacillastrum (8), Phravenia (1), Romanschulzia (10), Sibara (3), Stanleya (1), Streptanthella (7), Streptanthus (6), Thelypodiopsis (1), Thelypodium (1), Thysanocarpus (4)

Brassiceae (1/3) - Cakile (3).

CAMELINODEAE (23/134) 

 

Cardamineae (6/27) - Cardamine (9), Nasturtium (1), Ornithocarpa (2), Planodes (2), Rorippa (11), Selenia (2).

Lepidieae (1/19) - Lepidium (19).

Boechereae (1/5) - Boechera (5)

Descurainieae (2/10) - Descurainia (9), Tropidocarpum (1).

Physarieae (7/41) - Dimorphocarpa (3), Dithyrea (1), Lyrocarpa (3), Nerisyrenia (7), Paysonia (2), Physaria (23), Synthlipsis (2).

Erysimeae (1/6) - Erysimum (6)

Halimolobeae (5/26) - Exhalimolobos (5), Halimolobos (7), Mancoa (5), Pennellia (5), Sphaerocardamum (4).

HELIOPHILOIDEAE (2/2) 

 

Asteae (1/1) - Asta (1).

Anastaticeae (1/1) - Scoliaxon (1)

 

SANTALALES 

 

SANTALACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Arceuthobium and Comandra.

 

CARYOPHYLLALES 

 

FRANKENIACEAE (1/5). 

 

POLYGONACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Antigonon, Bistorta, Centrostegia, Chorizanthe, Eriogonum, Gymnopodium, Harfordia, Lastarriaea, Nemacaulis, Neomillspaughia, Pterostegia and Sidotheca.

 

SIMMONDSIACEAE (1/1). 

 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Achyronychia, Cerdia, Loeflingia, Scopulophila (Polycarpaeae), Colobanthus, Minuartia (Sagineae), Corrigiola (Theliphioideae), Eremogone (Eremogoneae, a single sp. in Mexico), Silene (Sileneae), Stellaria (Alsineae).

 

ACHATOCARPACEAE ‣ Mexico has Phaulothamnus.

 

AMARANTHACEAE ‣ Corispermum (Coryspermoideae), Aphanisma (Betoideae), Nitrophila (Polycneoideae), Atriplex, Chenopodium (Chenopodioideae/Atripliceae), Cycloloma (Chenopodioideae/Dysphanieae), Blitum (Chenopodioideae/Anserineae), Krascheninnikovia (Chenopodioideae/Axyrieae), Suaeda (Suadeoideae), Allenrolfea (Salicorneae), Pleuropetalum, Lagrezia, Gossypianthus, Tidestromia (Amaranthoideae).

 

STEGNOSPERMATACEAE (1/3).

 

SARCOBATACEAE (1/1). 

 

PHYTOLACCACEAE ‣ Mexico has Agdestis.

 

PETIVERIACEAE ‣ Mexico has Ledenbergia. 

 

NYCTAGINACEAE ‣ Mexico has Abronia, Acleisanthes, Allionia, Anulocaulis, Commicarpus, Cryptocarpus, Cyphomeris, Grajalesia, Mirabilis, Okenia, Pisoniella, Salpianthus and Tripterocalyx.

 

MONTIACEAE (5/27). 

 

ANACAMPSEROTACEAE (1/1). 

 

CACTACEAE ‣ Mexico no has Leuenbergerioideae, Maihuenioideae, Blossfeldioideae and Notocacteae. Overall, Mexico has 58 genera. Apart Cacteae and Opuntia, Mexico has (31/)188 spp. and Brazil (41/)253 spp.

 

Pereskiodeae (1/1) - Pereskia (1). 

 

Opuntioideae (5/146) - Corynopuntia (3), Cylindropuntia (29), Grusonia (11), Opuntia (97), Pereskiopsis (6). Brazil has only (4/)15 spp. 

 

Cactoideae/Cacteae: (26/)423 spp.; tribe absent in Brazil. 

 

Cactoideae/Phyllocateae (23/117) - Aporocactus (2), Deamia (3), Disocactus (9), Epiphyllum (7), Kimnachia (1) and Selenicereus (19) in Hylocereinae; (17/)76 spp. outside Hylocereinae. Brazil has 5 spp. in Hylocereinae and 14 spp. outside Hylocereinae (in Frailea and Strophocactus).

 

Cactoideae/Rhipsalideae (1/1) - Rhipsalis (1). 

 

Cactoideae/Cereae/Cereinae (2/10) - Melocactus (1), Pilosocereus (9).

CORNALES 

 

CORNACEAE (1/4).

 

NYSSACEAE (1/1).

HYDRANGEACEAE (6/36).

 

LOASACEAE ‣ Mexico has Cevallia, Eucnide, Gronovia, Nasa, Petalonyx, Schismocarpus. 

 

ERICALES 

 

BALSAMINACEAE (1/1) 

 

MARCGRAVIACEAE ‣ Mexico has Ruyschia. 

 

POLEMONIACEAE (22/105).

 

FOUQUIERIACEAE (1/11). 

 

PENTAPHYLACACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Cleyera, Symplococarpon. 

 

PRIMULACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Androsace, Bonellia, Deherainia, Dodecatheon, Primula, Synardisia.

 

MITRASTEMONACEAE (1/1). 

 

ACTINIDIACEAE (1/21). 

 

ERICACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Arbutus, Arctostaphylos, Chimaphila, Comarostaphylis, Leucothoe, Lyonia, Macleania, Monotropa, Ornithostaphylos, Orthaea, Orthilia, Pterospora, Pyrola, Sarcodes, Xylococcus.

 

AQUIFOLIALES 

 

PHYLLONOMACEAE (1/1). 

 

ICACINALES 

 

ICACINACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Mappia.

 

METTENIUSALES 

 

METTENIUSACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Oecopetalum, Ottoschulzia.

 

GARRYALES 

 

GARRYACEAE (1/9).

 

GENTIANALES 

 

RUBIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Arachnothryx, Arcytophyllum, Balmea, Berghesia, Blepharidium, Bouvardia, Carterella, Cosmocalyx, Coutaportla, Crusea, Deppea, Didymaea, Donnellyanthus, Eizia, Erithalis, Ernodea, Exostema, Glossostipula, Habroneuron, Hintonia, Houstonia, Martensianthus, Mexotis, Mitchella, Morinda, Nernstia, Nertera, Oldenlandiopsis, Omiltemia, Pinarophyllon, Pittoniotis, Placocarpa, Plocaniophyllon, Pseudomiltemia, Rachicallis, Rogiera, Rondeletia, Rovaeanthus, Solenandra, Sommera, Stenaria, Stenotis, Steyermarkia, Strumpfia, Stylosiphonia, Syringantha, Tessiera, Tournefortiopsis.

 

GENTIANACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Centaurium, Eustoma, Frasera, Geniostemon, Gentiana, Gentianella, Gentianopsis, Gyrandra, Halenia, Lisianthius, Sabatia, Zeltnera.

 

APOCYNACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Allotoonia, Alstonia, Amsonia, Apocynum, Bruceholstia, Cameraria, Cascabela, Dictyanthus, Echites, Fernaldia, Haplophyton, Metalepis, Pentalinon, Pherotrichis, Pinochia, Plumeria, Polystemma, Prosthecidiscus, Thenardia, Thoreauea, Thyrsanthella, Tintinnabularia, Vulcano.

SOLANALES 

 

CONVOLVULACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Itzaea. 

 

SOLANACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Brachistus, Browallia, Capsicophysalis, Cataracta (E), Chamaesaracha, Datura, Hunzikeria, Juanulloa, Nectouxia, Plowmania (E), Quincula, Salpiglossis, Schraderanthus, Schultesianthus, Tzeltalia.

 

BORAGINALES 

 

BORAGINACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Amphibologyne, Amsinckia, Cryptantha, Eremocarya, Greeneocharis, Hackelia, Harpagonella, Johnstonella, Lappula, Lithospermum, Mertensia, Mimophytum, Oncaglossum, Oreocarya, Pectocarya, Plagiobothrys, Simpsonanthus.

 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE ‣ (7/112) ‣ Emmenanthe (1), Eucrypta (2), Hesperochiron (1), Nemophila (3), Nama (42), Phacelia (60) and Pholistoma (3). 

 

NAMACEAE (4/46) ‣ Eriodictyon (4), Nama (42), Turricula (1) and Wigandia (1). 

EHRETIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Bourreria, Lennoa, Pholisma, Rochefortia and Tiquilia. 

 

LAMIALES 

 

PLOCOSPERMATACEAE (1/1). 

 

OLEACEAE ‣ Cartrema (1), Chionanthus (3), Forestiera (10), Fraxinus (14), Hesperelaea (1), Menodora (18). 

 

TETRACHONDRACEAE (1/1). 

 

PETENAEACEAE (1/1). 

 

GESNERIACEAE (30 ✕ 26) ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Achimenes, Alloplectus, Alsobia, Amalophyllon, Eucodonia, Eucodonia, Gasteranthus, Glossoloma, Kohleria, Moussonia, Neomortonia, Niphaea, Oerstedina, Pachycaulos, Rhynchoglossum, Smithiantha, Solenophora, Trichodrymonia. 

 

PLANTAGINACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Collinsia, Epixiphium, Galvezia, Gambelia, Hippuris, Keckiella, Lophospermum, Mabrya, Maurandella, Maurandya, Mohavea, Neogaerrhinum, Nuttallanthus, Penstemon, Pseudorontium, Rhodochiton, Russelia, Sairocarpus, Schistophragma, Sibthorpia, Synthyris, Tetranema, Uroskinnera.

 

SCROPHULARIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Alonsoa, Eremogeton, Leucophyllum and Scrophularia. 

 

VERBENACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Junelia, Rehdera and Xolocotzia (one genus more than Brazil). 

 

SCHLEGELIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Gibsoniothamnus. 

 

MARTYNIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Martynia, Proboscidea.

 

BIGNONIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Amphitecna, Astianthus, Chilopsis, Parmentiera, Roseodendron, Tecoma. 

 

ACANTHACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Anisacanthus, Aphanosperma, Barleria, Blechum, Bravaisia, Carlowrightia, Chalarothyrsus, Chileranthemum, Gypsacanthus, Henrya, Holographis, Hoverdenia, Louteridium, Mexacanthus, Mirandea, Spathacanthus, Tetramerium, Yeatesia.

 

LENTIBULARIACEAE ‣ Mexico has Pinguincula. 

 

LAMIACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Acanthomintha, Agastache, Asterohyptis, Callicarpa, Catoferia, Mentha, Monarda, Monardella, Physostegia, Pogogyne, Poliomintha, Tetraclea, Trichostema, Warnockia.

 

PHRYMACEAE (7/48).

 

OROBANCHACEAE ‣ Mexico has unbrazilian Aphyllon, Aureolaria, Brachystigma, Chloropyron, Clevelandia, Conopholis, Cordylanthus, Dicranostegia, Epifagus, Kopsiopsis, Lamourouxia, Ophiocephalus, Pedicularis, Seymeria, Seymeria, Silviella.

ASTERALES 

 

CAMPANULACEAE ‣ Mexico includes unbrazilian Calcaratolobelia, Campanula, Diastatea, Downingia, Githopsis, Heterotoma, Nemacladus, Palmerella, Pseudonemacladus, Wimmeranthus. 

 

ASTERACEAE ‣ Mexico includes 383 genera (59 endemics) and 3,244 native species of Asteraceae, the largest amount of genera in a same family worldwide. Brazil has only 2,102 spp. in 271 genera. However, three subfamilies present in Brazil are absents in Mexico: Barbadesioideae, Stifftioideae, and Wunderlichioideae. Five other restricted subfamilies also are absents in Mexico: Famathinanthoideae (Argentina), Corymbioideae (South Africa), Hecastocleidoideae (SW U.S.A.), Pertyoideae (Asia) and Gymnarrhenoideae (Mediteranean region). Mexico includes only 5 subfamilies. The huge bulk of the advantage of Mexico against Brazil in Asteraceae resides in Asteroideae + Cichorieae + Cirsium/Plectocephalus + Acourtia/Jungia + Sinclairia. Mexico has 59 endemic genera.

Mutisioideae ▸ three clades, all in Mexico (7 genera) and Brazil.

 

Onosoreideae ▸ in Mexico occur only one sp. in Onoseris; in Brazil occur two genera (Onoseris, Lycoseris) and one sp. each.

 

Mutisieae ▸ Mexico has (3/)16 spp. (13 in Chaptalia, 1 in Adenocaulon, 2 in Leibnitzia), Brazil has (4/)28 (14 in Chaptalia). Brazil has one endemic genus, Mexico none.

 

Nassauvinae ▸ two genera in this clade are common for Brazil and Mexico: Jungia (2 in Mexico, one in Brazil) and Trixis (20 spp. in Mexico, 16 in Brazil). Acourtia only in Mexico (77 in country), and Cephalopappus, Criscia, Holocheilus, Panphalea and Perezia, only in Brazil.

 

Gochnatioideae ▸ Mexico includes only 7 spp., all in Nahuatlea. Brazil has 37 spp. in three genera, inc. two endemics. 

 

Carduoideae ▸ Mexico includes two genera, Cirsium (45) and Plectocephalus (2). Brazil includes only one in the latter genus. 

Cichorioideae ▸ 4 tribes occur in New World, Moquinieae endemic to Brazil, and three widely distributeds. Mexico includes (38)178 spp., and Brazil includes (58/)497. 

 

Liabeae ▸ 28 spp. in Mexico (27 in Sinclairia, one in Liabum) and two in Brazil (both in Liabum).

 

Vernonieae ▸ (19/)79 spp. in Mexico (inc. 21 in Eremosis, 12 in Vernonia), and (53/)478 in Brazil. 12 off 18 mexican genera occur in Brazil (excludes Eremosis), besides POWO citation, SEE). Mexican endemics: Bolanosa (1), Leiboldia (2) and Stramentopappus (2). Brazil includes 26 endemic genera.

 

Cichorieae ▸ Mexico includes (17/)73 spp., Brazil only (4/)17. One endemic mexican genus: Marshalljohnstonia. Emblematic unbrazilian mexican genera: Lactuca and Crepis. 

 

Asteroideae ▸ Mexico has (335/)2,900 spp. in this subfamily, and Brazil has only (185/)1,464. This subfamily includes 22 lineages, 6 does not occur neither Mexico or Brazil: Abrotanellinae, Doroniceae, Calenduleae, Athroismeae, Feddeae and Polymnieae. Among mexican genera, 334 are assignated in any lineage below, one (Bathysanthus) is unplaced. Mexico has 55 endemic genera in this subfamily (inc. Bathysanthus), Brazil only 40.

 

Inuleae - (4/)11 spp. in Mexico, and (5/)22 in Brazil. None endemic genera in these countries.

 

Eupatorieae - Mexico has (47/)653 spp. (381 in Ageratina, Stevia and Brickellia); Brazil has (85/)629. Eight mexican endemisms: Microspermum, Jaliscoa, Nesomia, Mexianthus, Paneroa, Ageratella, Alomia and Steviopsis.

 

Neurolaeneae - (4/)21 spp. in Mexico, (2/)92 spp. in Brazil. Greenmaniella endemic to Mexico.

 

Chaenactidae and Madieae occur in Mexico but non in Brazil; the former includes (1/)9 spp. in Mexico, and the former (15/)37 spp. Two mexican endemics: Baeriopsis and Adenothamnus.

 

Anthemideae - (3/)15 spp. in Mexico (inc. the holartic Achillea millefolium L., 13 Artemisia, one Soliva), (1/)3 in Brazil.

 

Perityleae - (8/)55 spp. in Mexico (39 only in Perityle), (1/)3 in Brazil. Two mexican endemics: Nesothamnus and Eutetras.

 

Senecioneae - (22/)241 spp. in Mexico (179 in Senecio, Psacalium and Roldana), (9/)96 in Brazil. 

 

Millerieae - Mexico has (25/)185 spp. (104 in Melampodium, Tridax, Sabazia and Guardiola), Brazil only (8/)33 spp. 5 mexican endemics: Dyscritothamnus, Faxonia, Zandera, Stenocarpha, Axiniphyllum. 

 

Bahieae - Mexico includes (13/)50 spp., Brazil only one sp., the widely Schkuhria schkuhrioides Thell. Two mexican endemics, Chaetymenia and Loxothysanus. 

 

Helenieae - (11/)43 spp. in Mexico, only (3/)4 spp. in Brazil. One mexican endemic, Pelucha. 

 

Tageteae - Mexico has (27/)175 spp., Brazil only (5/)27 spp. 11 mexican endemics: Arnicastrum, Coulterella, Bajacalia, Boeberoides, Boeberastrum, Gymnolaena, Hydropectis, Leucactinia, Strotheria, Urbinella, Oxypappus. 

 

Coreopsidinae - (13/)192 spp. in Mexico, only (5/)27 spp. in Brazil, boht with a endemic genus (Goldamanella and Staurochlamys, respectively). 

 

Gnaphalieae - Mexico has (15/)75 spp., Brazil has (11/)70 spp. Brazil and Mexico have one endemic genus each (Mexerion and Stenophalium, respectively). 

 

Heliantheae - (76/)698 spp. in Mexico, only (27/)225 spp. in Brazil. 13 mexican endemics: Calanticaria, Chromolepis, Damnxanthodium, Davilanthus, Dugesia, Gonzalezia, Hybridella, Iostephane, Perymeniopsis, Plagiolophus, Tehuana, Trichocoryne, Vigethia. 

 

Astereae - Mexico has (50/)437 spp., Brazil only (17/)227. 7 mexican endemics: Aztecaster, Aquilula, Batopilasia, Stephanodoria, Tomentaurum, Sanrobertia, Geissolepis.

 

APIALES

 

APIACEAE ‣ Mexico has (40/)233 spp., unbrazilian genera:

 

Mackinlayoideae: Micropleura (1, Mexico to Colombia). 

 

Apioideae/Oenatheae: Berula (1, Africa, temp. Northern Hemisphere to Mexico), Cicuta (2, temp. Northern Hemisphere), Neogoezia (5, Mexico), Oenanthe (1). 

 

Apioideae/Rivasmartinezia clade: Conioselinum (1, N. America, temp. Eurasia), Ligusticum (2, temp. Northern Hemisphere to N. Mexico), Villarrealia (1, Mexico). 

 

Apioideae/Scandiceae: Chaerophyllum (2), Osmorhiza (3), Yabea (1, W. Canada to NW. Mexico). 

 

Apioideae/Selineae: Angelica ;L. (2, temp. Northern Hemisphere), Apiastrum (1, SW. U.S.A. to NW. Mexico), Arracacia (34, Mexico to Bolivia), Coaxana (2, S. Mexico to Guatemala), Coulterophytum (4, W. Mexico), Cymopterus (3), Dahliaphyllum (1, SW. Mexico), Donnellsmithia (19, Mexico to W. Venezuela), Enantiophylla (1, C. America), Lomatium (5), Mathiasella (1), Musineon (1, WC. & C. Canada to N. Mexico), Myrrhidendron (1, SE. Mexico to Ecuador), Neonelsonia (1, S. Mexico to Guatemala, W. South America to Venezuela), Ottoa (1), Prionosciadium (23), Rhodosciadium (15), Spermolepis (5, Hawaiian Is., U.S.A. to N. & E. Mexico, Argentina), Tauschia (25), Vesper (1, W. & C. U.S.A. to NW. Mexico). ;

 

Saniculideae: Sanicula (7). 

 

DIPSACALES

CAPRIFOLIACEAE ‣ 4/57

 

Dipsacoidae - Mexico has unbrazilian Lonicera (7) and Symphoricarpos (7).

 

Linnaeoideae - Mexico has unbrazilian Vesalea (5).

 

Valerianoideae - Valeriana (38).

BRICS, 2023

Dada a importância geopolítica e econômica desse conjunto de nações emergentes, diversos países manifestaram interesse em se unir ao BRICS (Rússia, China, Brasil, Índia, África do Sul) ao longo do tempo. Contudo, há a carência de uma única fonte que ofereça uma lista completa de aspirantes a membros em língua portuguesa, resultando em  informações fragmentadas. Nesse contexto, listamos aqui as nações que expressaram interesse em aderir ao BRICS, em meados da cúpula de 22 de agosto de 2022, na África do Sul.

CANDIDATOS COM SOLITAÇÃO FORMALIZADA: Arábia Saudita, Argélia, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bahrein, Belarus, Bolívia, Cazaquistão, Cuba, Egito, Emirados Árabes Unidos, Etiópia, Guiné Equatorial, Honduras, Indonésia, Irã, Kuwait, Marrocos, Nigéria, Senegal, Tailândia, Venezuela, Vietnã (Exame), Comores, Gabão, Guiné-Bissau, R.D. Congo, Zimbabue e Kuwait (Poder 360).

Por outro lado, o Banco dos Brics já conta com oito associados, incluindo Bangladesh, Emirados Árabes e Egito, que entraram na instituição de desenvolvimento em 2021. O Uruguai deve entrar logo (O Globo).

Como as moedas de todos os países do Brics começam com a letra R, uma eventual moeda única poderia se chamar 5R, arriscou uma fonte envolvida nas discussões: o Brasil tem o real; a Rússia, o rublo; a China, o remimbi; a Índia, a rúpia; e a África do Sul, o rand. Essa proposta está apenas em estudo, é de difícil implementação e, no melhor cenário, só entraria em vigor após 2025 (O Globo).

NEW SCENARY FOR BRAZILIAN FLORA ✅

LAST UPDATED IN 30.09.2024

When comparing the flora of the great botanical powers in the New World, Brazil takes the lead in species and genera. However, in families there is a notable disadvantage. In Brazilian numbers, both Mexico and Colombia have at least 7.6% more families than Brazil. Here, we point out how this number could be reversed or decreased.

A. ATUAL SCENARY

COLOMBIA

Three unbrazilian orders occur in Colombia: Fagales, Huertales (2:2/10), and Desfontainiales (1:2/2). Brazil no has uncolombian orders. Colombia has 11 spp. of Fagales in 7 genera at 4 families, 5 in Morella, and Quercus, Trigonobalanus, Juglans, Alfaroa, Oreomunnea, and Alnus one sp. each.

Colombia has 27 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil ((34/)93 spp.):

Fagaceae (2/2), Betulaceae (1/1), Juglandaceae (3/3), Myricaceae (1/5), Collumeliaceae (2/2), Dipentodontaceae (1/7), Tapisciaceae (1/3), Polemoniaceae (2/3), Montiaceae (2/5), Actinidiaceae (1/34), Grossulariaceae (1/9), Dipterocarpaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/1), Hydrangeaceae (1/3), Phyllonomaceae (1/1), Papaveraceae (1/2), Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Hamamelidaceae (1/1), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Alzateaceae (1/1), Namaceae (1/1), Phrymaceae (2/2), Peltantheracae (1/1), Cornaceae (1/1), Tovariaceae (1/1), Coriariaceae (1/1), and Tetrachondraceae (1/1).

 

Tetrachondraceae, with only Polypremum procumbens, apparently known from a single collection. Mitrastemonaceae is known in Colombia from a single locality.

In contrast, 12 Brazilian families do not occur in Colombia: Hydnoraceae, Calyceraceae, Canellaceae, Quillajaceae, Nartherciaceae, Francoaceae, Cistaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Goodeniaceae and Griseliniaceae.

MEXICO

4 unbrazilian orders occur in Mexico: Fagales, Huertales (2:2/3), Austrobayleiaceae (1:2/2) and Garryales (1:1/9). Brazil has only two unmexican orders: Cardiopteridales (2:2/10) and Escalloniales (1:1/9). 

Mexico has 51 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil (123/680), 29 occur in South America¹ (93/592), and 22 do not² (30/88):

¹Tovariaceae (1/1), Phyllonomaceae (1/1), Coriariaceae (1/1), Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/3), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Actinidiaceae (1/21), Hydrangeaceae (6/36), Tapisciaceae (1/1), Dipentodontaceae (1/2), Melanthiaceae (4/36), Grossulariaceae (1/23), Juglandaceae (4/14), Saxifragaceae (4/20), Fagaceae (2/138), Betulaceae (4/6), Polemoniaceae (22/105), Cornaceae (1/4), Koeberliniaceae (1/1), Tetrachondraceae (1/1), Zosteraceae (2/3), Hamamelidaceae (3/3), Frankeniaceae (1/5), Papaveraceae (10/44), Phrymaceae (7/48), Myricaceae (1/3), Montiaceae (5/27), Anacampserotaceae (1/1) and Namaceae (4/46). 

 

²Balsaminaceae (1/1), Nyssaceae (1/1), Setchellanthaceae (1/1), Sarcobataceae (1/1), Fouquieriaceae (1/11), Simmondisiaceae (1/1), Crossossomataceae (3/5), Stegnospermataceae (1/3), Guamatelaceae (1/1), Petenaeaceae (1/1), Plocospermataceae (1/1), Ticodendraceae (1/1), Resedaceae (2/10), Datiscaceae (1/1), Paeoniaceae (1/1), Saururaceae (2/2), Platanaceae (1/5), Schisandraceae (2/2), Liliaceae (4/26), Garryaceae (1/9), Altingiaceae (1/1, Liquidambar) and Iteaceae (1/3, Pterostemon).

In contrast, 34 Brazilian families do not occur in Mexico: Hydnoraceae, Tofiediaceae, Nartherciaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae, Taccaceae, Thismiaceae, Velloziaceae, Rapateaceae, Thurniaceae, Strelitziaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Humiriaceae, Peridiscaceae, Lepidobotryceae, Quillajaceae, Euphroniaceae, Goupiaceae, Caryocaraceae, Ixonanthaceae, Bonnetiaceae, Vivianiaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Microteaceae, Strobosiaceae, Aptandraceae, Coulaceae, Olacaceae, Tetrameristaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Stemonuraceae, Calyceraceae, Escalloniaceae and Griseliniaceae.

B. SPLITS

One option would be the botanical breakdowns to be incorporated into the future and fictitious APG VI. Here we highlight some:

Nyctaginaceae: Reichenbachiaceae. 

 

Solanaceae: Duckeodendronaceae, Schizanthaceae and Goetzeaceae.

Celastraceae: Parnassiaceae.

Primulaceae: Theophrastaceae, Samolaceae and Myrsinaceae.

Santalaceae: Amphorogynaceae, Cervanthesiaceae, Comandraceae, Nanodeaceae, Thesiaceae and Viscaceae.

Asparagaceae: Agavaceae, Anthericaceae, Herreriaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Laxmaniaceae, Themidaceae and Ruscaceae.  

These splits would create 21 new families, bringing the number of angiosperm families of 437 to 458.

Specifically the fragmentation of Asparagaceae s.l. and taking into account only Brazil, Mexico and Colombia: Themidaceae, Asparagaceae s.s. and Ruscaceae occur only in Mexico; Hyacinthaceae, Herreriaceae and Laxmanniaceae occur only in Brazil; Anthericaceae and Agavaceae occur in all three countries.

Brazil wins 15 (Reichenbachiaceae, Duckeodendronaceae, Goetzeaceae, Parnassiaceae, Theophrasthaceae, Samolaceae, Myrsinaceae, Thesiaceae, Cervantesiaceae, Viscaceae, Agavaceae, Anthericaceae, Herreriaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Laxmaniaceae) and loss two (Asparagaceae, Primulaceae). Total Brazil: 237 + 15 - 2 = 250.

Colombia wins 7 (Reichenbachiaceae, Theophrastaceae, Myrsinaceae, Cervantesiaceae, Viscaceae, Agavaceae, Anthericaceae) and also loses the same two from Brazil. Total Colombia: 252 + 7 - 2 = 257.

Mexico wins 10 (Parnassiaceae, Theophrasthaceae, Samolaceae, Myrsinaceae, Comandraceae, Viscaceae, Agavaceae, Anthericaceae, Themidaceae, Ruscaceae) and no loses none name. Total Mexico: 254 + 10 - 0 = 264.

The differences would drop from 7 for Colombia and 14 for Mexico.

C. NEW SCENARY

COLOMBIA

Colombia has 27 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil (34/94):

Fagaceae (2/2), Betulaceae (1/1), Juglandaceae (3/3), Myricaceae (1/5), Collumeliaceae (2/2), Dipentodontaceae (1/7), Tapisciaceae (1/3), Polemoniaceae (2/3), Montiaceae (2/5), Actinidiaceae (1/34), Grossulariaceae (1/9), Dipterocarpaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/1), Hydrangeaceae (1/3), Phyllonomaceae (1/1), Papaveraceae (1/2), Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Hamamelidaceae (1/1), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Alzateaceae (1/1), Namaceae (1/1), Phrymaceae (2/2), Peltantheracae (1/1), Cornaceae (1/1), Tovariaceae (1/1), Coriariaceae (1/1) and Tetrachondraceae (1/1).

In contrast, 20 Brazilian families do not occur in Colombia: Hydnoraceae, Canellaceae, Nartherciaceae, Herreriaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Laxmaniaceae, Quillajaceae, Parnassicaae, Francoaceae, Cistaceae, Thesiaceae, Samolaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Duckeodendraceae, Goetzeaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Calyceraceae, Goodeniaceae and Griseliniaceae.

MEXICO

4 unbrazilian orders occur in Mexico: Fagales (see below), Huertales (2:2/3), Austrobayleiaceae (1:2/2) and Garryales (1:1/9). Brazil has only two unmexican orders: Cardiopteridales (2:2/10) and Escalloniales (1:1/9). 

Mexico has 56 families of Angiosperms that do not occur in Brazil (127/693 + Themidaceae + Ruscaceae), 30 occur in South America¹ (95/599), and 26 do not² (32/94 + Themidaceae + Ruscaceae):

¹Primulaceae (2/7, Androsace, Primula), Tovariaceae (1/1), Phyllonomaceae (1/1), Coriariaceae (1/1), Nelumbonaceae (1/1), Cytinaceae (1/3), Mitrastemonaceae (1/1), Actinidiaceae (1/21), Hydrangeaceae (6/36), Tapisciaceae (1/1), Dipentodontaceae (1/2), Melanthiaceae (4/36), Grossulariaceae (1/23), Juglandaceae (4/14), Saxifragaceae (4/20), Fagaceae (2/138), Betulaceae (4/6), Polemoniaceae (22/105), Cornaceae (1/4), Koeberliniaceae (1/1), Tetrachondraceae (1/1), Zosteraceae (2/3), Hamamelidaceae (3/3), Frankeniaceae (1/5), Papaveraceae (10/44), Phrymaceae (7/48), Myricaceae (1/3), Montiaceae (5/27), Anacampserotaceae (1/1) and Namaceae (4/46). 

 

²Asparagaceae (1/5), Balsaminaceae (1/1), Comandraceae (1/1, Comandra), Themidaceae (), Ruscaceae (), Nyssaceae (1/1), Setchellanthaceae (1/1), Sarcobataceae (1/1), Fouquieriaceae (1/11), Simmondisiaceae (1/1), Crossossomataceae (3/5), Stegnospermataceae (1/3), Guamatelaceae (1/1), Petenaeaceae (1/1), Plocospermataceae (1/1), Ticodendraceae (1/1), Resedaceae (2/10), Datiscaceae (1/1), Paeoniaceae (1/1), Saururaceae (2/2), Platanaceae (1/5), Schisandraceae (2/2), Liliaceae (4/26), Garryaceae (1/9), Altingiaceae (1/1, Liquidambar) and Iteaceae (1/3, Pterostemon).

In contrast, 42 Brazilian families do not occur in Mexico: Reichenbachiaceae, Duckeodendronaceae, Goetzeaceae, Thesiaceae, Cervantesiaceae, Herreriaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Laxmaniaceae, Hydnoraceae, Tofiediaceae, Nartherciaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae, Taccaceae, Thismiaceae, Velloziaceae, Rapateaceae, Thurniaceae, Strelitziaceae, Anisophylleaceae, Humiriaceae, Peridiscaceae, Lepidobotryceae, Quillajaceae, Euphroniaceae, Goupiaceae, Caryocaraceae, Ixonanthaceae, Bonnetiaceae, Vivianiaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Microteaceae, Strobosiaceae, Aptandraceae, Coulaceae, Olacaceae, Tetrameristaceae, Sarraceniaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Stemonuraceae, Calyceraceae, Escalloniaceae and Griseliniaceae.

D. NEW RECORDS

Many genera occur relatively close to Brazil and could be collected in the national territory. The most likely belong to three lines.

A. RIO GRANDE SUL LINE

Includes Uruguayan families absent in Brazil: Papaveraceae and Polemoniaceae. Montiaceae and Frankeniaceae are unlikely. 

B. COLOMBIAN LINE

Dipterocarpaceae occurs very close to the border of Brazil, in an environment similar to downstream of large rivers. Most likely to occur in Brazil.

C. NEXT LINE

Koeberliniaceae, Corsiaceae, Tapisciaceae, Dipentodontaceae, Montiaceae, Phyllonomaceae and Actinidiaceae are families with non-zero probability of occurring in Brazil. 

BRASIL E SUAS ORGANIZAÇÕES✅

O Brasil é uma nação repleta de instituições governamentais e entidades públicas que desempenham papéis cruciais em diversos setores da sociedade. Desde autarquias e estatais até tribunais, departamentos e institutos, o país conta com uma extensa rede de órgãos que buscam promover o bem-estar da população, zelar pela justiça e desenvolver a nação em diferentes aspectos. Essas instituições desempenham funções variadas, desde fiscalizar e regulamentar determinadas atividades até garantir a segurança pública e oferecer serviços essenciais à comunidade. Nesta lista em construção, destacaremos as entidades que compõem o complexo sistema governamental brasileiro.

GOVERNAMENTAIS

JUDICIÁRIO BRASILEIRO

STF

STJ

TSE

TST

STM

STJD

TJs

TRFs

ORGÃOS DE CONTROLE

TCU

CGU

AUTARQUIAS COMUNS

Autoridade Nacional de Proteção de Dados (ANPD)

Banco Central do Brasil (BACEN)

Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM)

Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN)

Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE)

Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (FNDE)

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE).

AGÊNCIAS

Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA)

Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (ANAC)

Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (ANATEL)

Agência Nacional do Cinema (ANCINE)

Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL)

Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP)

Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS)

Agência Nacional de Transportes Aquaviários (ANTAQ)

Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (ANTT)

Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA)

Agência Nacional de Mineração (ANM)

OUTRAS AUTARQUIAS

Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil não é uma autarquia, é uma entidade sui generis.

Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária (CONAR)

Ordem dos Músicos do Brasil (OMB)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

POLÍCIAS

PF

PRF

DEPARTAMENTOS

Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes (DNIT)

Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra a Seca (DNOCS)

INSTITUTOS

Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA)

Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio)

Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia da Informação (ITI)

Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA)

Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro)

Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI)

Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais (INEP)

Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN)

Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN)

Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social (INSS)

Instituto Brasileiro de Museus (Ibram)

Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA)

Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET)

Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (IPJBRJ)

NÃO GOVERNAMENTAIS

AVULSAS

Escritório Central de Arrecadação e Distribuição (ECAD) 

 

Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT).

ESPORTIVAS

Confederação Brasileira de Voleibol (CBV) - Responsável pelo vôlei no Brasil.

Confederação Brasileira de Basquete (CBB) - Responsável pelo basquete no Brasil.

Confederação Brasileira de Atletismo (CBAt) - Responsável pelo atletismo no Brasil.

Confederação Brasileira de Judô (CBJ) - Responsável pelo judô no Brasil.

Confederação Brasileira de Tênis (CBT) - Responsável pelo tênis no Brasil.

Confederação Brasileira de Rugby (CBRu) - Responsável pelo rugby no Brasil.

Confederação Brasileira de Handebol (CBHb) - Responsável pelo handebol no Brasil.

Confederação Brasileira de Natação (CBDA) - Responsável pela natação no Brasil.

Confederação Brasileira de Ciclismo (CBC) - Responsável pelo ciclismo no Brasil.

Confederação Brasileira de Skate (CBSk) - Responsável pelo skate no Brasil.

Confederação Brasileira de Golfe (CBG) - Responsável pelo golfe no Brasil.

Confederação Brasileira de Surf (CBS) - Responsável pelo surf no Brasil.

Confederação Brasileira de Automobilismo (CBA) - Responsável pelo automobilismo no Brasil.

Confederação Brasileira de Esgrima (CBEs) - Responsável pela esgrima no Brasil.

CIENTÍFICAS CIVIS

Brazilian Meteor Observation Network (BRAMON).

CIENTÍFICAS:  SOCIEDADES

Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência (SBPC).

Academia Brasileira de Ciências (ABC).

Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC).

Sociedade Brasileira de Física (SBF).

Sociedade Brasileira de Matemática (SBM).

Sociedade Brasileira de Química (SBQ).

Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia (SBM).

Sociedade Brasileira de Genética (SBG).

Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia (SBZ).

Sociedade Brasileira de Botânica (SBB).

IDH DO MUNDO, JUL 2023

 ARTIGO ORIGINAL: https://www.ihu.unisinos.br/categorias/630550

O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) é um indicador estatístico composto por 3 componentes: saúde, educação e renda, por meio da expectativa de vida, da média de anos de escolaridade completados e anos esperados de escolaridade ao entrar no sistema educacional e indicadores de renda per capita. O IDH é um dos melhores índices disponíveis para se avaliar o desenvolvimento humano dos países.

IDH TOP 25 + BRICS; 2020, 2021 | EcoDebate 

De modo geral, o IDH tem crescido nas últimas décadas. O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano para o mundo cresceu cerca de 0,05 entre a última década do século XX e a primeira década do século XXI, atingindo 0,645 no ano 2000. Na década passada o IDH global passou de 0,697 em 2010 para 0,732 em 2021, o menor ritmo de avanço desde a criação do indicador. A tabela abaixo mostra os 25 países com maior IDH em 2000 e 2021 e também os dados para os 5 países do grupo BRICS. Houve avanços em todos os países, mas em ritmos diferenciados.

O líder do ranking no ano 2000 era a Noruega e o líder em 2021 foi a Suíça, com a Noruega caindo para o segundo lugar. Os Estados Unidos da América (EUA) tinham um IDH de 0,891 em 2000, ocupando o sexto lugar no ranking, passou para um IDH de 0,921 em 2021, mas despencou para o 21º lugar. Outros países que caíram no ranking (embora tenham elevado o IDH) foram Holanda, Canadá, Bélgica, Japão, Áustria e Israel. Os países que tiveram os maiores avanços foram a Suíça, Islândia, Hong Kong, Singapura, Coreia do Sul, Malta e Eslovênia (estes dois últimos países nem estavam entre os 25 países com maior IDH em 2000). Já a França e a Itália saíram da lista dos 25 países com maior IDH entre 2000 e 2021.

Entre os países do grupo BRICS, a Rússia tem o maior IDH, sendo 0,822 em 2021, pertencente ao grupo de muito alto Desenvolvimento Humano. O Brasil vinha em seguida no ano 2000, mas nas últimas 2 décadas foi ultrapassado pela China. A África do Sul tem o quarto IDH dos BRICS e a Índia o quinto. O IDH do mundo cresceu 13,5% entre os anos 2000 e 2001. Praticamente, todos os 25 países do topo do ranking cresceram menos do que a média global, pois já estão próximos do limite máximo que é 1,000 (um). Entre os BRICS, a Rússia, o Brasil e a África do Sul tiveram variação do IDH abaixo da média global. A China teve o maior avanço percentual, com aumento de 31,5% entre 2000 e 2021 e a Índia teve aumento de 28,9% no período, embora tenha o menor nível do IDH dos 5 países do grupo BRICS.

O IDH do mundo cresceu bastante nas últimas décadas, mas às custas de uma ampla degradação ambiental. Hoje em dia a humanidade já superou a capacidade de carga do Planeta e a população mundial já está pagando o preço da crise climática e ecológica. Como mostrei no artigo “O mundo vive o risco de uma década perdida no desenvolvimento humano” (Alves, 27/01/2023), a atual década traz o desafio de retomada do desenvolvimento humano com sustentabilidade ambiental.

O Brasil que é o 5º maior território, o 7º país mais populoso e está entre as 10 maiores economias do mundo, em tamanho do PIB, mas estava em 81º lugar no ranking do IDH no ano 2000 e caiu para 87º lugar em 2021. Existem 66 países com IDH acima de 0,800 e 50 países com IDH entre 0,700 e 0,799. O Brasil está neste segundo grupo e parece que dificilmente conseguirá dar o salto para o grupo do topo do ranking (onde estão Chile, Argentina e Uruguai). O Brasil corre o risco de ficar preso na armadilha da renda média. No período de 2010 a 2021 o IDH do mundo cresceu 0,45% ao ano e o Brasil cresceu 0,38% ao ano. O Brasil terá que acelerar o passo se quiser seguir o ritmo médio de avanço do desenvolvimento humano global.

E todos os países terão que reduzir as desigualdades sociais e diminuir a sobrecarga da Terra, para evitar o consumo conspícuo e a degradação ambiental. Como disse Rita Lee: “Não quero luxo nem lixo”.

RÚSSIA ✕ UCRÂNIA, 18 DE JULHO DE 2023

ORIGINAL FOLHA DE SÃO PAULO

Forças russas avançam no leste da Ucrânia, naquilo que a Defesa de Kiev admitiu ser uma "situação complicada" enquanto tenta crescer sua própria contraofensiva em territórios ocupados por Moscou. A ação pegou os ucranianos de surpresa. Ela está concentrada no eixo Liman (Donetsk)-Kupiansk (Kharkiv), cidades que já estiveram sob controle russo e foram retomadas no final do ano passado.

A região não era uma prioridade da contraofensiva lançada por Volodimir Zelenski em 4 de junho: as ações se concentram mais ao sul de Donetsk e em Zaporíjia, no sul do país. "A situação é complicada, mas está sob controle", disse o comandante das forças terrestres de Kiev, o general Oleksandr Sirskii, no Telegram. Um dia antes, na segunda-feira (17), o comando ucraniano na região afirmou ter monitorado a concentração de 100 mil soldados e 900 tanques russos naquele eixo de ação, o que, se confirmado, configura a maior ofensiva desde que Vladimir Putin usou 200 mil homens para tentar dobrar a Ucrânia no ano passado.

À época, a maior crítica foi a dispersão de forças em três frentes autônomas, além de erros táticos, como a falta de proteção de infantaria a colunas blindadas. Ao que tudo indica, a lição foi aprendida agora, e, se o contingente for o estimado, trata-se talvez de um terço dos homens em território ocupado na Ucrânia. Após dois dias em silêncio, a Defesa russa confirmou que está em uma ofensiva. Disse ter avançado 1,5 km numa frente de 2 km de largura, o que não é aferível neste momento. Se retomar as duas cidades, importantes centros ferroviários, Moscou cortaria os suprimentos para as forças ucranianas mais ao sul.

Uma opção tática, em caso de êxito, seria fechar o cerco sobre os 45% restantes da região de Donetsk que ainda estão sob controle de Kiev. Junto com a vizinha Lugansk, a área compõe o Donbass, o leste russófono da Ucrânia cuja "defesa" está no coração dos motivos anunciados por Putin para a guerra. Isso ainda é especulativo, em especial com o ritmo lento da guerra. Mas é péssima notícia para Zelenski, que passou a semana passada pedindo mais armas e um cronograma de adesão à Otan, a aliança militar do Ocidente liderada pelos EUA que fez sua reunião anual de cúpula.

Algumas autoridades se queixaram do que chamaram de falta de gratidão do ucraniano, que rebateu. Seja como for, os tanques e os blindados ocidentais empregados na contraofensiva até aqui não conseguiram penetrar as defesas russas ao longo da frente de batalha, que tem cerca de 1.000 km. Houve ganhos incrementais, com Kiev alegando ter recuperado 210 km quadrados de área desde junho, mas sem uma ação decisiva: supõe-se que o principal objetivo dos ucranianos é cortar a chamada ponte terrestre que liga Rússia e Donbass à Crimeia, anexada em 2014, via o sul ocupado da Ucrânia.

Putin disse no domingo que a contraofensiva não estava dando efeitos. Na segunda, os ucranianos conseguiram um golpe simbólico ao alvejar com um drone marítimo a ponte que liga a Crimeia à região russa de Krasnodar, interditando parcialmente a vital linha de suprimentos às tropas na península. Toda essa dinâmica, ainda muito fluida, pode favorecer o estabelecimento de novas fronteiras provisórias da guerra, o que analistas e políticos especulam poder desaguar em negociações.

Por ora, nenhum dos lados as admite, mas o Kremlin já afirmou mais de uma vez que conversaria com base na "nova realidade geográfica", eufemismo para os 20% de área que ocupa na Ucrânia. Kiev, claro, não topa. Mas há uma janela geopolítica a ser considerada: o calendário eleitoral americano. O presidente Joe Biden começará sua campanha à reeleição de 2024 com a sombra de enfrentar o antecessor, Donald Trump, visto como pró-Putin. Caso consiga sacar um acordo que ao menos congele o conflito, que drena bilhões de dólares do contribuinte dos EUA, poderá ter um trunfo na mão.

Há fatores outros, como o cansaço ocidental com a guerra e a renovada pressão sobre os preços de alimentos no mundo devido à suspensão da presença russa no acordo que viabilizou o escoamento da produção de grãos da Ucrânia pelo mar Negro, anunciada na segunda-feira.

TERRESTRIAL PLANTS IN SOUTH AMERICA✅

LAST UPDATED IN 29.09.2024
⋵: 'ENDEMICS'

The Embryophyta, or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as sister of the Zygnematophyceae. Living embryophytes therefore include hornworts, liverworts, mosses, lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and flowering plants. The tree below is one of the most consensual about the evolution of the group (Wikipedia). Bryophyta s.l. are a proposed taxonomic division containing three groups of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and mosses.

The most complete data from bryophytes in Neotropics is Hallingbäck and Nick Hodgetts (Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts, 2000), assignated here as [1]; some data also in Delgadillo (Bol. Soc. Bot. Mexico, 2000).

In summary, Colombia has advantage of 5 spp. against Brazil in Marchantiophyta (no advantage in genera), 65 spp. in Bryophyta (no advantagem in genera), and none advantages in Anthocerophyta. Mexico no has advantages against Brazil in Marchantiophyta and Anthocerophyta, and an advantage of 4 families, 57 genera and 114 spp. in Bryophyta.

PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF VIRIDIPLANTAE

MARCHANTIOPHYTA

Liverworts has (87:386/)7,273 spp. worldwide, by Lars Söderström et al.  (PhytoKeys, 2016). 

Colombia has (37:134/)703 spp. (37 endemics; CTLC, BOOK, 2016); Brazil has (39:132/)698 spp. (Reflora, 2023; 143 endemics). Brazil has 3 families absents in Colombia (Chonecoleaceae, Oxymitraceae, Sphaerocarpaceae); Colombia has one family absent in Brazil: Pseudolepicoleaceae (3/3 in country). Mexico includes (122:)592 spp. [1] and varieties in this class (Delgadillo-Moya, Botanical Sciences, 2022).

By [1], endemic genera occur in northern Andes (7), Amazonia (5), Guianan Highlands (4), SE Brazil (2, Pluvianthus, Vittalianthus), and Chocó (1); Geocalycaceae is placed under Lophocoleaceae in CPLC, and Solenostomataceae under Jungermanniaceae. 

BRYOPHYTA

Mosses has c. 12,000 spp. worldwide (Wikipedia). Colombia has (65:261/)932 spp. (52 endemics; CTLC, BOOK, 2016). Brazil has (71:268/)867 spp. (209 endemics; largest diveristy of genera, 8 endemics, Costa, D.P. et al., The New York Botanical Garden Press, 2023). Mexico has (75:325/)984 spp. (Delgadillo-Moya, Rev. Mex. Biodiv. vol.85, 2014).

By [1], endemic genera occur in central Andes (12), Mexico (7), SE Brazil (5, Cladostomum, Crumuscus, Itatiella, Moseniella, Paranapiacabaea), northern Andes (4), Caribbean (3), Central America (2), Amazonia (2), and Guianas Highlands (2).

ANTHOCEROPHYTA

Hornworts has (5:12/)213 spp. worldwide, by Lars Söderström et al.  (PhytoKeys, 2016). 

Anthocerotaceae (2/78)

Anthoceros L. (60).

Folioceros D.C.Bharadwaj (18)

Dendrocerotaceae (4/70)

Dendroceros Nees (41)

Megaceros Campb. (11)

Nothoceros (R.M.Schust.) J.Haseg (10)

Phaeomegaceros R.J.Duff (8)

Phymatocerotaceae (1/2)

Phymatoceros Stotler (2)

Notothyladoideae (1/22)

Notothylas Sull. ex A.Gray (22) 

Phaeocerotoideae (3/40)

Mesoceros Piippo (2)

Paraphymatoceros Hässel (4) 

Phaeoceros Prosk. (34) 

Leiosporocerotaceae (1/1)

Leiosporoceros Hässel (1) 

Gradstein (Caldasia, 2018) cites (4:7/)15 spp. in Colombia. Brazil has (4:7/)18 spp. (Reflora, 2023, 3 endemics). Notothyladaceae has identical genera in both countries. Dendrocerotaceae has a genus in Colombia absent in Brazil (Phaeomegaceros R.J.Duff); Brazil has one genus in Anthocerotaceae absent in Colombia (Folioceros DC); and both countries has a exclusive family againt the other: Phymatocerotaceae (Phymatoceros Stotler, W.T. Doyle & Crand.-Stotl.) in Brazil, and Leiosporoceroaceae (Leiospoceros Hässel) in Colombia. Mexico has (3:3/)9 spp. in this class, among Anthoceros, Nothoceros and Phaeoceros, plus at least 7 undescribeds (Delgadillo-Moya, Botanical Sciences, 2022), 3 endemics.

LYCOPHYTES

MONILOPHYTES

GYMNOSPERMS

ANGIOSPERMS

LYCOPHYTES OF SOUTH AMERICA ✅

LAST UPDATED IN 16.02.2024
⋵: 'ENDEMICS'

Lycophyta are a group of vascular plants, one of the oldest lineages of extant vascular plants; the group contains extinct plants that have been dated from the Silurian (ca. 425 M years ago); also were some of the dominating plant species of the Carboniferous period, and included the tree-like Lepidodendrales, some of which grew over 40m in height, although extant lycophytes are relatively small plants (Wikipedia). Via Home et al. (Freie University, Berlin), Lycophytes and Monilophytes are sucessive sisters of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

All data below follows the World Ferns website (SEE).

ISOETALES

A single family, Isoetaceae, and a single genus. 

Isoetes L. ‣ 204 spp., subcosmopolitan. 37 in U.S.A., 32 in Brazil (24⋵), 12 in Colombia and 8 in Mexico.

LYCOPODIALES

A single family, Lycopodiaceae (17/)492 spp. Largest diversities in New World are Colombia (8/94, 75 only in Phlegmariurus), Brazil (9/62), U.S.A. (8/23, 1/3 in Huperzia) and Mexico (6/23, 17 in Phlegmariurus).

Brazil leads Mexico in all mexican genera except tied status in Lycopodium (1 ✕ 1) and lose in Huperzia (2 ✕ 1). Brazil leads Colombia in all colombian genera except tied status in Lycopodiella (4 ✕ 4), Austrolycopodium (1 ✕ 1), Diphasium (1 ✕ 1), Lycopodium (1 ✕ 1) and lose in Palhinhaea (8 ✕ 6) and Phlegmariurus (75 ✕ 39).

SUBFAMILY LYCOPODIELLOOIDEAE (5/57)

Brownseya (Kunze) Li Bing Zhang, L.D.Sheph., D.K.Chen, X.M.Zhou & H.He (1, Australia, Papuasia, New Zealand, New Caledonia).

 

Lateristachys Holub. (3, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand). 

 

Lycopodiella Holub. 12 spp., holarctic and tropical America, six in U.S.A., 4 in Colombia and 4 in Brazil, none in Mexico.

 

Palhinhaea Franco & Vasconcellos. 25 spp., pantropical, 8 in Colombia, six in Brazil, only one in Mexico and U.S.A. 

 

Pseudolycopodiella Holub. 16 spp., widely scattered worldwide, 7 in Brazil, 3 in Colombia, two in U.S.A., only one in Mexico.

SUBFAMILY LYCOPODIOIDEAE (9/45)

Austrolycopodium Holub. 7 spp., temperate southern hemisphere, mostly circumantarctic, one to tropical Africa, Brazil and Colombia one each. 

 

Dendrolycopodium Haines. 5 spp., North America (3 in U.S.A.) and E Asia. 

 

Diphasiastrum Holub. 17 spp., temperate northern hemisphere (5 in U.S.A.), one in South Africa and Madagascar, two to tropical America: D. thyoides (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Holub widely from Mexico to Uruguay, except Chile and Caribbean, and D. falcatum B.Øllg. & P.G.Windisch endemic to SE Brazil 

 

Diphasium Presl ex Rothmaler. 4 spp., D. jussiaei (Desv. ex Poir.) Rothm. in Costa Rica to Bolivia and Brazil, D. gayanum (J.Rémy) Holub in Chile and Argentina, D. lawessonianum (B.Øllg.) B.Øllg. endemic to Ecuador, and D. cariosum (G.Forst.) Rothm. from Philippines and Borneo to New Zealand.

 

Lycopodiastrum Holub ex Dixit. (1, Asia).

 

Lycopodium L. 7 spp., mainly temperate and subarctic regions, three in New World, one continentaly confined to Canada and U.S.A., L. cernua L. widely in almost all New World, and L. vestitum Desv. ex Poir. from Peru and Ecuador, possibly in Venezuela. 

 

Pseudodiphasium Holub. (1, Asia, Australia, New Zealand).

 

Pseudolycopodium Holub. (1, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia).

 

Spinulum Haines. Two spp., S. lioui Li Bing Zhang & H.He (Russian Far East, China, Mongolia; North Korea; South Korea; Japan) and S. annotinum (L.) A.Haines (over Europe, Caucasus, Turkyie, Kazakhstan, Alaska to S U.S.A.). 

SUBFAMILY HUPERZIOIDEAE (3/370)

Huperzia Bernhardi. 62 spp., 7 in U.S.A., two in Mexico, one in Brazil (endemic), none in Colombia.

 

Phlegmariurus Holub. 307 spp., worldwide pantropical. 75 in Colombia, 39 in Brazil, 17 in Mexico and only one in U.S.A.

 

Phlegmariurus ruber (Cham. & Schlecht.) B.Øllg., endemic to ferruginous places in Minas Gerais state, SE Brazil

 

Phylloglossum Kunze. (1, Australia and New Zealand).

SELAGINELLALES

A single family, Selaginellaceae (19/)770 spp., nine genera in New World. U.S.A includes 7 genera (one endemic; Lepidoselaginella, Valdespinoa and Selaginoides absents in Brazil), Mexico six (Didiclis and Lepidoselaginella absents in Brazil), Colombia six (Didiclis absent in Brazil) and Brazil includes only five (Gymnogynum, Bryodesma, Megaloselaginella, Pulviniella and Selaginella).

Largest diversities: Colombia (6/97), Brazil (5/81), U.S.A. (7/36) and Mexico (6/80).

Brazil and Colombia tied in Bryodesma, Megalosellaginella and Pulviniella. Brazil lose for Mexico in Bryodesma (21 ✕ 2) and Pulviniella (2 ✕ 1). Brazil lose for Colombia in Gymnogynum (24 ✕ 16) and Selaginella (67 ✕ 60).

SELAGINELLOIDEAE 

Selaginoides Ség. Two sp., S. spinulosa (A.Braun ex Döll) Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou from Artic to Nevada, Colorado, Maine, Mediterranean, Caucasus and souther Russia, also in Japan, and S. deflexa (Brack.) Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou endemic to Hawaii. 

BOREOSELAGINELLOIDAE 

Boreoselaginella (6, E Asia to Russia). 

GYMNOGYNOIDEAE 

Afroselaginella (4, endemic to Africa). 

Megaloselaginella Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou. Three spp., two from Costa Rica to N Brazil (one a venezuelan endemic, Colombia and Brazil one each), one in Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. 

Gymnogynum P.Beauv. 48 spp., mostly tropical America, 1 tropical Africa, 1 in Asia; 24 in Colombia, 16 in Brazil and 7 in Mexico. 

Ericetorum (8, Africa, Madagascar and Australia). 

Lepidoselaginella Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou. Three spp. from Mexico, L. lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou up to SW U.S.A. in north and Costa Rica in south.

Bryodesma Soják. 56 spp., almost cosmopolitan, mostly in temperate areas, many in U.S.A. (27) and Mexico (21). Colombia and Brazil two each. 

SINOSELAGINELLOIDEAE (absent in New World)

Austroselaginella (4, endemic to Australia). 

Korallia (15, Madagascar and adjacent islands).  

 

Sinoselaginella (5, China extending to the Arabic area and E Africa). 

 

PULVINELLIOIDEAE 

 

Pulviniella (Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou) Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou. 17 spp., scattered almost cosmopolitan, several in China, 3 in New World: P. convoluta (Arn.) Li Bing Zhang & X.M. Zhou (Mexico to Brazil, Paraguay and Caribbean), P. gypsophila ((A.R.Sm. & T. Reeves) Li Bing Zhang & X.M. Zhou, Mexico) and P. pilifera ((A. Braun) Li Bing Zhang & X.M. Zhou, SW U.S.A. to NW Mexico). 

 

LYCOPODIOIDOIDEAE (South American absent in Brazil) 

 

Hypopterygiopsis (170, Asia and Pacific islands and a few in Africa and Madagascar). 

Didiclis P.Beauv. 70 spp., Africa, Asia, and Australasia, only one in New World, D. hoffmannii (Hieron.) Li Bing Zhang & X.M. Zhou, from Mexico do Ecuador. 

Lycopodioides (12, Eurasia). 

Valdespinoa Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou. Only one sp., endemic to NW U.S.A.

SELAGINELLOIDEAE 

Chuselaginella (70, Africa, Asia, Australia and southern Pacific islands). 

Kungiselaginella (12, Asia).  

Selaginella P.Beauv. 231 spp., New World, mostly tropical America, only very few tropical Africa. 67 in Colombia, 60 in Brazil, 45 in Mexico, and only 4 in U.S.A. 

Simplified maximum likelihood phylogeny of Selaginellaceae based on plastid rbcL and five nuclear markers